Sleep duration and cardiovascular outcomes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.31.01.002Keywords
sleep duration, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide, causing approximately 17.9 deaths annually. Their risk factors are mainly related to an inappropriate lifestyle and include, among others, low physical activity, obesity, hypertension or type 2 diabetes. Nowadays, there is an increase in the incidence of CVD as well as sleeping disorders, so many studies have focused on finding the connection between these phenomena.
The impact of sleep duration on the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors was analyzed based on a systematic analysis of the literature. The review was carried out using keywords, based on data contained in the Google Scholar search engine database, in the PubMed scientific database and medical electronic journals.
The analyzed studies indicate that sleep duration, its both excessive shortening and lengthening, as well as poor quality, may be associated with CVD, their risk factors and increased overall mortality. Researchers point to the connection between sleep duration and development of hypertension, obesity and type 2 diabetes, with short sleep identified as a stronger risk factor. In addition long sleep was associated with poor health and overall worse results of the subjects more often than short sleep. This suggests that long sleep may not be the cause, but a consequence of yet undiagnosed, coexisting chronic diseases.
The results indicate the need to assess sleep disorders as a goal for primary and secondary prevention of CVD and reduction of their risk factors. The importance of long sleep remains ambiguous, whether it is the reason for health deterioration or results from it and requires further research. Large intervention studies are also still needed to assess whether improvements in sleep duration and its quality can reduce cardiovascular risk and improve long-term health outcomes.
References
World Health Organization. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014. No. WHO/NMH/NVI/15.1. World Health Organization, 2014 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/148114
Fang, J., Wen, Z., Ouyang, J. et al. Modeling the change trajectory of sleep duration and its associated factors: based on an 11-year longitudinal survey in China. BMC Public Health 21, 1963 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12017-8
Sheehan CM, Frochen SE, Walsemann KM, Ailshire JA., Are U.S. adults reporting less sleep?: Findings from sleep duration trends in the National Health Interview Survey, 2004–2017, Sleep, Volume 42, Issue 2, February 2019, zsy221, https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy221
King CR, Knutson KL, Rathouz PJ, Sidney S, Liu K, Lauderdale DS. Short Sleep Duration and Incident Coronary Artery Calcification. JAMA. 2008;300(24):2859–2866. doi:10.1001/jama.2008.867
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Sleep Medicine and Research; Colten HR, Altevogt BM, editors. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2006. 2, Sleep Physiology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19956/
Son GH, Cha HK, Chung S, Kim K. Multimodal regulation of circadian glucocorticoid rhythm by central and adrenal clocks. J. Endocr. Soc. 2, 2018, 444-459. (doi:10.1210/js.2018-00021)
Kalsbeek A, van der Spek R, Lei J, Endert E, Buijs RM, Fliers E. Circadian rhythms in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012 Feb 5;349(1):20-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.042.
Eri Tajiri, Eiichi Yoshimura, Yoichi Hatamoto, Hiroaki Tanaka, Seiya Shimoda,
Effect of sleep curtailment on dietary behavior and physical activity: A randomized crossover trial,
Physiology & Behavior, Volume 184, 2018, Pages 60-67, doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.11.008.
Omisade A, Buxton OM, Rusak B. Impact of acute sleep restriction on cortisol and leptin levels in young women. Physiol. Behav. 2010; 99, 651-656. (doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.028)
Reynolds AC, Dorrian J, Liu PY, Van Dongen HP, Wittert GA, Harmer LJ, Banks S. Impact of five nights of sleep restriction on glucose metabolism, leptin and testosterone in young adult men. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e41218. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041218.
Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. 1999; Lancet 354, 1435-1439. (doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01376-8)
Guyon A, Morselli LL, Balbo ML, Tasali E, Leproult R, L'Hermite-Balériaux M, Van Cauter E, Spiegel K. Effects of Insufficient Sleep on Pituitary-Adrenocortical Response to CRH Stimulation in Healthy Men. Sleep. 2017 Jun 1;40(6):zsx064. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsx064.
Abell JG, Shipley MJ, Ferrie JE, Kivimäki M, Kumari M. Recurrent short sleep, chronic insomnia symptoms and salivary cortisol: A 10-year follow-up in the Whitehall II study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016 Jun;68:91-9. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.02.021.
Morgan E, Schumm LP, McClintock M, Waite L, Lauderdale DS. Sleep Characteristics and Daytime Cortisol Levels in Older Adults. Sleep. 2017 May 1;40(5):zsx043. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsx043.
Lao XQ, Liu X, Deng HB, Chan TC, Ho KF, Wang F, Vermeulen R, Tam T, Wong MCS, Tse LA, Chang LY, Yeoh EK. Sleep Quality, Sleep Duration, and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study With 60,586 Adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018 Jan 15;14(1):109-117. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.6894.
Yin J, Jin X, Shan Z, Li S, Huang H, Li P, Peng X, Peng Z, Yu K, Bao W, Yang W, Chen X, Liu L. Relationship of Sleep Duration With All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Sep 9;6(9):e005947. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.005947.
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants. Lancet. 2017;389:37–55. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31919-5
Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Schillaci G, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure. An independent predictor of prognosis in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1994;24:793–801. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.24.6.793.
Loredo JS, Nelesen R, Ancoli-Israel S, Dimsdale JE. Sleep quality and blood pressure dipping in normal adults. Sleep. 2004 Sep 15;27(6):1097-103. doi: 10.1093/sleep/27.6.1097.
Lv Y, Jiang G, Tan X, Bao W, Chen L, Liu L. Association of Sleep Patterns and Lifestyles With Incident Hypertension: Evidence From a Large Population-Based Cohort Study. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022 Apr 1;9:847452. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.847452.
Ke J, Liu X, Ruan X, Wu K, Qiu H, Wang X, Li Z, Lin T. Short sleep duration associated with the incidence of cardio-cerebral vascular disease: a prospective cohort study in Shanghai, China. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2023 Mar 31;23(1):177. doi: 10.1186/s12872-023-03205-y.
Grandner M, Mullington JM, Hashmi SD, Redeker NS, Watson NF, Morgenthaler TI. Sleep Duration and Hypertension: Analysis of > 700,000 Adults by Age and Sex. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018 Jun 15;14(6):1031-1039. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.7176.
Cappuccio FP, Miller MA. Sleep and Cardio-Metabolic Disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017 Sep 19;19(11):110. doi: 10.1007/s11886-017-0916-0.
Reutrakul S, Van Cauter E. Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes. Metabolism. 2018 Jul;84:56-66. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.02.010.
Spiegel K, Tasali E, Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Effect of poor and short sleep on glucose metabolism and obesity risk. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5:253–261. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2009.23.
Cohen DA, Wang W, Wyatt JK, Kronauer RE, Dijk DJ, Czeisler CA, Klerman EB. Uncovering residual effects of chronic sleep loss on human performance. Sci Transl Med. 2010 Jan 13;2(14):14ra3. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000458.
Buxton OM, Cain SW, O’Connor SP, et al. Adverse metabolic consequences in humans of prolonged sleep restriction combined with circadian disruption. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(129):129ra43. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003200.
Buxton OM, Cain SW, O'Connor SP, Porter JH, Duffy JF, Wang W, Czeisler CA, Shea SA. Adverse metabolic consequences in humans of prolonged sleep restriction combined with circadian disruption. Sci Transl Med. 2012 Apr 11;4(129):129ra43. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003200.
Morris CJ, Yang JN, Garcia JI, Myers S, Bozzi I, Wang W, Buxton OM, Shea SA, Scheer FA. Endogenous circadian system and circadian misalignment impact glucose tolerance via separate mechanisms in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Apr 28;112(17):E2225-34. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1418955112.
Taheri S, Lin L, Austin D, Young T, Mignot E. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Med. 2004 Dec;1(3):e62. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0010062.
Chaput JP, St-Onge MP. Increased food intake by insufficient sleep in humans: are we jumping the gun on the hormonal explanation? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014 Jul 15;5:116. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00116.
St-Onge MP, Wolfe S, Sy M, Shechter A, Hirsch J. Sleep restriction increases the neuronal response to unhealthy food in normal-weight individuals. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014 Mar;38(3):411-6. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2013.114.
Cedernaes J, Fanelli F, Fazzini A, Pagotto U, Broman JE, Vogel H, Dickson SL, Schiöth HB, Benedict C. Sleep restriction alters plasma endocannabinoids concentrations before but not after exercise in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016 Dec;74:258-268. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.09.014.
Miller MA, Cappuccio FP. Inflammation, sleep, obesity and cardiovascular disease. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2007 Apr;5(2):93-102. doi: 10.2174/157016107780368280.
Möller-Levet CS, Archer SN, Bucca G, Laing EE, Slak A, Kabiljo R, Lo JC, Santhi N, von Schantz M, Smith CP, Dijk DJ. Effects of insufficient sleep on circadian rhythmicity and expression amplitude of the human blood transcriptome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Mar 19;110(12):E1132-41. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1217154110.
Taveras EM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Bub KL, Gillman MW, Oken E. Prospective Study of Insufficient Sleep and Neurobehavioral Functioning Among School-Age Children. Acad Pediatr. 2017 Aug;17(6):625-632. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2017.02.001.
Miller MA, Kruisbrink M, Wallace J, Ji C, Cappuccio FP. Sleep duration and incidence of obesity in infants, children, and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sleep. 2018 Apr 1;41(4). doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsy018.
Ogilvie RP, Patel SR. The epidemiology of sleep and obesity. Sleep Health. 2017 Oct;3(5):383-388. doi: 10.1016/j.sleh.2017.07.013.
Patel SR, Malhotra A, White DP, Gottlieb DJ, Hu FB. Association between reduced sleep and weight gain in women. Am J Epidemiol. 2006 Nov 15;164(10):947-54. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwj280.
Chaput JP, Després JP, Bouchard C, Tremblay A. The association between sleep duration and weight gain in adults: a 6-year prospective study from the Quebec Family Study. Sleep. 2008 Apr;31(4):517-23. doi: 10.1093/sleep/31.4.517.
Yoong SL, Chai LK, Williams CM, Wiggers J, Finch M, Wolfenden L. Systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions targeting sleep and their impact on child body mass index, diet, and physical activity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016 May;24(5):1140-7. doi: 10.1002/oby.21459.
Hoddy KK, Potts KS, Bazzano LA, Kirwan JP. Sleep Extension: A Potential Target for Obesity Treatment. Current Diabetes Reports. 2020 Dec;20(12):81. DOI: 10.1007/s11892-020-01360-6.
Jike M, Itani O, Watanabe N, Buysse DJ, Kaneita Y. Long sleep duration and health outcomes: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Sleep Med Rev. 2018 Jun;39:25-36. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.06.011.
Tan X, Chapman CD, Cedernaes J, Benedict C. Association between long sleep duration and increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: A review of possible mechanisms. Sleep Med Rev. 2018 Aug;40:127-134. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.11.001.
Grandner MA, Drummond SP. Who are the long sleepers? Towards an understanding of the mortality relationship. Sleep Med Rev. 2007 Oct;11(5):341-60. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2007.03.010.
Kripke DF, Garfinkel L, Wingard DL, Klauber MR, Marler MR. Mortality Associated With Sleep Duration and Insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(2):131–136. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.2.131
Kripke DF, Brunner R, Freeman R, Hendrix SL, Jackson RD, Masaki K, Carter RA. Sleep Complaints of Postmenopausal Women. Clin J Womens Health. 2001 Dec 1;1(5):244-252. doi: 10.1053/cjwh.2001.30491.
Grandner MA, Kripke DF. Self-reported sleep complaints with long and short sleep: a nationally representative sample. Psychosom Med. 2004 Mar-Apr;66(2):239-41. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000107881.53228.4d.
Jhamb M, Unruh M. Bidirectional relationship of hypertension with obstructive sleep apnea. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2014 Nov;20(6):558-64. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000102.
Amit Benjamin J, Lewis KESleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease. Postgraduate Medical Journal 2008;84:15-22. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.2007.062836
Ishihara K, Miyasita A, Inugami M, Fukuda K, Miyata Y. Differences in sleep-wake habits and EEG sleep variables between active morning and evening subjects. Sleep. 1987 Aug;10(4):330-42. doi: 10.1093/sleep/10.4.330.
Stamatakis KA, Punjabi NM. Effects of sleep fragmentation on glucose metabolism in normal subjects. Chest. 2010 Jan;137(1):95-101. doi: 10.1378/chest.09-0791.
Nagai M, Hoshide S, Nishikawa M, Shimada K, Kario K. Sleep duration and insomnia in the elderly: associations with blood pressure variability and carotid artery remodeling. Am J Hypertens. 2013 Aug;26(8):981-9. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpt070.
Krueger JM, Rector DM, Churchill L. SLEEP AND CYTOKINES. Sleep Med Clin. 2007;2(2):161-169. doi: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2007.03.003.
Reynold AM, Bowles ER, Saxena A, Fayad R, Youngstedt SD. Negative Effects of Time in Bed Extension: A Pilot Study. J Sleep Med Disord. 2014 Aug 28;1(1):1002. PMID: 25374963; PMCID: PMC4217706.
Barbato G. REM Sleep: An Unknown Indicator of Sleep Quality. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Dec 9;18(24):12976. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182412976.
Ford ES, Cunningham TJ, Croft JB. Trends in Self-Reported Sleep Duration among US Adults from 1985 to 2012. Sleep. 2015 May 1;38(5):829-32. doi: 10.5665/sleep.4684.
Maki Jike, Osamu Itani, Norio Watanabe, Daniel J. Buysse, Yoshitaka Kaneita,
Long sleep duration and health outcomes: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression, Sleep Medicine Reviews, Volume 39, 2018, Pages 25-36, ISSN 1087-0792, doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.06.011.
Krittanawong C, Tunhasiriwet A, Wang Z, Zhang H, Farrell AM, Chirapongsathorn S, Sun T, Kitai T, Argulian E. Association between short and long sleep durations and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2019 Dec;8(8):762-770. doi: 10.1177/2048872617741733.
Lawman HG, D Fryar C, Gu Q, Ogden CL. The role of prescription medications in the association of self-reported sleep duration and obesity in U.S. adults, 2007-2012. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016 Oct;24(10):2210-6. doi: 10.1002/oby.21600.
Hasler G, Buysse DJ, Klaghofer R, Gamma A, Ajdacic V, Eich D, Rössler W, Angst J. The association between short sleep duration and obesity in young adults: a 13-year prospective study. Sleep. 2004 Jun 15;27(4):661-6. doi: 10.1093/sleep/27.4.661.
Chaput, JP., Després, JP., Bouchard, C. et al. Association of sleep duration with type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetologia 50, 2298–2304 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-007-0786-x
Shan Z, Ma H, Xie M, Yan P, Guo Y, Bao W, Rong Y, Jackson CL, Hu FB, Liu L. Sleep duration and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care. 2015 Mar;38(3):529-37. doi: 10.2337/dc14-2073.
Cespedes EM, Bhupathiraju SN, Li Y, Rosner B, Redline S, Hu FB. Long-term changes in sleep duration, energy balance and risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2016 Jan;59(1):101-109. doi: 10.1007/s00125-015-3775-5.
Hall WL. The emerging importance of tackling sleep-diet interactions in lifestyle interventions for weight management. Br J Nutr. 2022 Aug 14;128(3):561-568. doi: 10.1017/S000711452200160X.
Petrowski K, Buehrer S, Niedling M, Schmalbach B. The effects of light exposure on the cortisol stress response in human males. Stress. 2021 Jan;24(1):29-35. doi: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1741543.
Chang AM, Aeschbach D, Duffy JF, Czeisler CA. Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Jan 27;112(4):1232-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1418490112.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Martyna Lichman, Jakub Przeradzki, Aleksandra Borycka, Barbara Jędrzejewska, Maria Kotulska, Paulina Laskus, Zuzanna Lubczyńska, Zofia Potocka, Katarzyna Rząd, Julia Kochanowska
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 607
Number of citations: 0
