Modern methods of treating marijuana addiction (cannabis use disorders) and its influence on health
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.28.01.005Keywords
cannabis, CUD, CBD, pharmacotherapy, psychotherapyAbstract
Introduction: Worldwide, cannabis is the most widely used illegal psychoactive substance and the third most common drug, after alcohol and tobacco. Cannabis use disorder (CUD) affects approximately 10% of the 193 million cannabis users worldwide. In recent years, cannabinoids have become more and more popular. The CUD is becoming a growing social and health problem. The search for effective forms of pharmacotherapy is still ongoing, and an effective combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy may be crucial for the future of CUD treatment.
Material and method: The article was based on a review and analysis of publications and discoveries in recent years, which were available in the PubMed and Google Scholar database.
Results: 82 study participants attempted abstinence from cannabis use. In the final primary endpoint analysis, both 400 mg of CBD and 800 mg of CBD were more effective than placebo in reducing cannabis use. 50 people who were addicted to cannabis treated with gabapentin showed a significant reduction in cannabis use and cannabis withdrawal compared to placebo. Moreover, 70 men addicted to cannabis were randomized and those, who used FAAH inhibitors reported fewer cannabis withdrawal symptoms, less cannabis use and lower THC urine levels than placebo users.
Conclusions: Gabapentin has been proven to show a reduction in CUD. The use of CBD, FAAH inhibitors and psychotherapy MET/CBT/CM also appear to be effective. In addition, the use of the principles of People-First Language, avoiding slang and idioms, using medical and curing vocabulary, respects the addicted person, and also positively influences the chances of abstinence.
References
www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/alcohol-drugs-and-addictive-behaviours/drugs-psychoactive/cannabis [April 25, 2022].
Connor JP, Stjepanovic D, Le Foll B, Hoch E, Budney AJ, Hall WD. cannabis use and cannabis use disorder. Nat Rev dis primers . 2021;7(1):16. Published 2021 Feb 25.
Nielsen S, Sabioni P, Gowing L, Le Foll B. Pharmacotherapies for Cannabis use Disorders : Clinical Challenges and Promise Therapeutic Agents . Handb exp Pharmacol . 2020;258:355-372.
Kroon E, Kuhns L, Hoch E, Cousijn J. Heavy cannabis use , dependence and the brain : a clinical perspective . Addiction . 2020;115(3):559-572.
Brezing CA, Levin FR . The Current State of Pharmacological Treatments for Cannabis use Disorder and Withdrawal . Neuropsychopharmacology . 2018;43(1):173-194.
Levin FR, Mariani JJ, Choi CJ, Basaraba C, Brooks DJ, Brezing CA, Pavlicova M. Non- abstinent treatment outcomes for cannabis use disorder . second alcohol depend . 2021 Aug 1;225:108765.
Winters KC, Mader J, Budney AJ, Stanger C, Knapp AA, Walker DD. Interventions for cannabis use disorder . Curr Opin Psychol. 2021;38:67-74.
Ecker AH, Lang B, Hogan J, Cucciare MA, Lindsay J. Cannabis use disorder among veterans : Comorbidity and mental health treatment utilization . J Subst Abuse treat . 2020 Feb;109:46-49.
Kondo K, Morasco BJ, Nugent S, Ayers C, O'Neil ME, Freeman M, Paynter R, Kansagara D, Pharmacotherapy for the Treatment of Cannabis use Disorder : A Systematic Review [Internet]. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs (US); 2019 Feb
Feingold D, Livne O, Rehm J, Lev -Ran S. Probability and correlates of transition from cannabis use to DSM-5 cannabis use disorder : Results from a large-scale nationally representative studies . second alcohol Rev. _ 2020 Feb;39(2):142-151.
Martin, E.L., & McRae -Clark, A.L. (2020). Evidence for the Endocannabinoid System as a Therapeutic Target in the Treatment of Cannabis use Disorder . Current addiction reports , 7, 545–552.
Freeman TP, Hindocha C, Baio G, Shaban NDC, Thomas EM, Astbury D, Freeman AM, Lees R, Craft S, Morrison PD, Bloomfield MAP, O'Ryan D, Kinghorn J, Morgan CJA, Mofeez A, Curran HV. Cannabidiol for the treatment of cannabis use disorder : a phase 2a, double -blind, placebo- controlled , randomized , adaptive Bayesian trial . Lancet of Psychiatry. 2020;7(10):865-874.
Ullrich HS, Torbati A, Fan W, Arbona C, Cano MA, Essa S, Harvey L, Vaughan EL, de Dios MA. Race, psychosocial characteristics , and treatment outcomes among individuals undergoing treatment for cannabis use disorder : A latent profile analysis based on preferred method of using cannabis . J Subst Abuse treat . 2021 Dec;131:108561.
Kondo KK, Morasco BJ, Nugent SM, Ayers CK, O'Neil ME, Freeman M, Kansagara D. Pharmacotherapy for the Treatment of Cannabis use Disorder : A Systematic review . Ann Intern Med. 2020 Mar 17;172(6):398-412.
Azhari N, Hu H, O'Malley KY, Blocker ME, Levin FR, Dakwar E. Ketamine-facilitated behavioral treatment for cannabis use disorder : A proof of concept studies . Am J Drug alcohol Abuse . 2021 Jan 2;47(1):92-97.
McRae -Clark AL, Gray KM, Baker NL, Sherman BJ, Squeglia L, Sahlem GL, Wagner A, Tomko R. Varenicline as a treatment for cannabis use disorder : A placebo- controlled pilot trial . second alcohol depend . 2021 Dec 1;229(Fri B):109111.
Sherman BJ, McRae -Clark AL. Treatment of Cannabis use Disorder : Current Science and Future Outlook. Pharmacotherapy . 2016;36(5):511-535.
Stephens RS, Walker R, DeMarce J, Lozano BE, Rowland J, Walker D, Roffman RA. Treating cannabis use disorder : Exploring a treatment as needed model with 34-month follow -up . J Subst Abuse treat . 2020;117:108088.
Litt MD, Kadden RM, Tennen H, Petry NM. individualized assessment and treatment program (IATP) for cannabis use disorder : Randomized controlled trial with and without contingency management. Psycho Addic Behav . 2020;34(1):40-51.
Broyles LM, Binswanger IA, Jenkins JA, Finnell DS, Faseru B, Cavaiola A, Pugatch M, Gordon AJ. confronting inadvertent stigma and pejorative language in addiction scholarship : a recognition and response . Subst Abus . 2014;35(3):217-221.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Wojciech Kapłan, Karolina Zalewa, Dominika Rachwał, Lidia Bartoszek, Joanna Olszak, Monika Rogowska, Rafał Świdziński, Jakub Lipiec, Bartosz Skorupski, Ewa Piątek
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 1123
Number of citations: 0
