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Journal of Education, Health and Sport

Celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity – characteristics and differences
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  • Celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity – characteristics and differences
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  4. Review Articles

Celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity – characteristics and differences

Authors

  • Kacper Kulik Wojewódzki Szpital Specjalistyczny im. Stefana Kardynała Wyszyńskiego SPZOZ in Lublin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3829-5740
  • Zuzanna Fryska Uniwersytecki Szpital Kliniczny in Poznań, Poznan University of Medical Sciences https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8055-2897
  • Adam Wołejko Wielospecjalistyczny Szpital Miejski im. Józefa Strusia z Zakładem Opiekuńczo Leczniczym in Poznań https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1815-8370
  • Jakub Kuciński Medical University of Warsaw https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1331-8339
  • Paweł Semeniuk Wojewódzki Szpital Chirurgii Urazowej św. Anny SPZOZ in Warszawa https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7250-9483
  • Krystian Matusz Zakład Anatomii Prawidłowej Uniwersytetu Medycznego im. Karola Marcinkowskiego in Poznań https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2668-1556
  • Rafał Burczyk Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1650-1534
  • Natalie Górna Klinika Ortodoncji i Dysfunkcji Narządu Żucia, Poznan University of Medical Sciences https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8588-3241
  • Adam Łabuda 5 Wojskowy Szpital Kliniczny z Polikliniką SPZOZ in Cracow https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1978-644X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.26.01.007

Keywords

Celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, allergy, diet, FODMAP

Abstract

Introduction

Celiac disease is a quite common condition resulting from the interaction of genetic, immunological, and environmental factors, with the main environmental factor being exposure to gluten. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) affects individuals without celiac disease or wheat allergy and is characterized by intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms related to the consumption of grain products, without accompanying damage to the intestinal mucosa.

Discussion

Gluten is a grain protein that is resistant to digestive enzymes and accumulates in the intestines, leading to tissue damage and the release of tissue transglutaminase 2 (tTG2) enzyme, which increases gluten immunogenicity. The presence of HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 gene variants in the genome is a necessary condition for the development of the disease, but it does not always lead to celiac disease. The pathomechanism of non-celiac gluten sensitivity is not yet fully understood. Diagnosis of celiac disease involves serological tests, genetic tests, and histological examination.

Conclusions

The only effective treatment for celiac disease is a strict gluten-free diet, which involves eliminating wheat, rye, barley, and triticale from one's diet. Further research is necessary to search for effective therapies. The approach for NCGS involves introducing an appropriate diet - either low FODMAP or gluten-free.

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Published

2023-05-04

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KULIK, Kacper, FRYSKA, Zuzanna, WOŁEJKO, Adam, KUCIŃSKI, Jakub, SEMENIUK, Paweł, MATUSZ, Krystian, BURCZYK, Rafał, GÓRNA, Natalie and ŁABUDA, Adam. Celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity – characteristics and differences. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. Online. 4 May 2023. Vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 49-62. [Accessed 16 May 2025]. DOI 10.12775/JEHS.2023.26.01.007.
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Vol. 26 No. 1 (2023)

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Review Articles

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Copyright (c) 2023 Kacper Kulik, Zuzanna Fryska, Adam Wołejko, Jakub Kuciński, Paweł Semeniuk, Krystian Matusz, Rafał Burczyk, Natalie Górna, Adam Łabuda

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