CBD and THC - influence on insomnia, sleep apnea and restless leg syndrome - review based on recent advances
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.13.03.041Keywords
CBD, THC, sleep disorders, insomnia, lack of sleep, restless leg syndrome, obturative sleep apnea, cannabinoids, parasomnia, marijuanaAbstract
Proper and healthy sleep is an element of everyday life necessary for the proper functioning of the body. Unfortunately, a large part of humanity cannot experience proper rest, due to sleep disorders such as insomnia, restless leg syndrome, obturative sleep apnea and other diseases that complicate sleep. There are not many ways to treat sleep disorders and their use is often associated with difficulties in everyday life and side effects of the used methods. Work on this subject is still ongoing, with time there are more and more new possibilities and different, unconventional applications of substances discovered long ago. Plants containing cannabinoids have been known to mankind since ancient times. And this cannabinoids can have huge importance and contribute to the treatment and prevention of sleep disorders. Studies on the impact of these substances on sleep and sleep disorders are limited, which leads to the fact that in many countries their use is still prohibited. And therefore undertaking research on this topic requires a lot of effort. However, the data that has been collected so far on the subject of the influence of cannabinoids on sleep disorders carry optimistic information. Cannabinoids in the correct doses and ratio as to the content of individual subgroups can bring relief to people suffering from lack of proper sleep. However, the negative effects of these substances should not be forgotten. Chronic use, too high doses or improper application can have a negative impact on the quality of sleep.
References
Maddison KJ, Kosky C, Walsh JH. Is There a Place for Medicinal Cannabis in Treating Patients with Sleep Disorders? What We Know so Far. Nat Sci Sleep. 2022 May 18;14:957-968. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S340949. PMID: 35611178; PMCID: PMC9124464.
Shannon S, Lewis N, Lee H, Hughes S. Cannabidiol in Anxiety and Sleep: A Large Case Series. Perm J. 2019;23:18-041. doi: 10.7812/TPP/18-041. PMID: 30624194; PMCID: PMC6326553.
Kaul M, Zee PC, Sahni AS. Effects of Cannabinoids on Sleep and their Therapeutic Potential for Sleep Disorders. Neurotherapeutics. 2021 Jan;18(1):217-227. doi: 10.1007/s13311-021-01013-w. Epub 2021 Feb 12. PMID: 33580483; PMCID: PMC8116407.
Bhagavan, C., Kung, S., Doppen, M., John, M., Vakalalabure, I., Oldfield, K., Braithwaite, I., & Newton-Howes, G. (2020). Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Insomnia Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. CNS Drugs 2020 34:12, 34(12), 1217–1228. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40263-020-00773-X
Graczyk M, Łukowicz M, Dzierzanowski T. Prospects for the Use of Cannabinoids in Psychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry. 2021 Mar 12;12:620073. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.620073. PMID: 33776815; PMCID: PMC7994770.
Bilbao, A., & Spanagel, R. (2022). Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications. BMC Medicine, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12916-022-02459-1
Dzierżanowski, T. (2018). Cannabinoids – the possible use in palliative medicine. Palliative Medicine, 10(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5114/PM.2018.77198
MacCallum, C. A., & Russo, E. B. (2018). Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 49, 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.004
Li, J., Carvajal, R., Bruner, L., & Kaminski, N. E. (2021). The current understanding of the benefits, safety, and regulation of cannabidiol in consumer products. Food and Chemical Toxicology : An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 157, 112600. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FCT.2021.112600
Kuhathasan, N., Minuzzi, L., MacKillop, J., & Frey, B. N. (2021). The Use of Cannabinoids for Insomnia in Daily Life: Naturalistic Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(10). https://doi.org/10.2196/25730
Mondino, A., Cavelli, M., González, J., Murillo-Rodriguez, E., Torterolo, P., & Falconi, A. (2021). Effects of Cannabis Consumption on Sleep. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1297, 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61663-2_11/COVER
Corroon, J. (2021). Cannabinol and Sleep: Separating Fact from Fiction. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 6(5), 366. https://doi.org/10.1089/CAN.2021.0006
Henson, J. D., Vitetta, L., & Hall, S. (2022). Tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol medicines for chronic pain and mental health conditions. Inflammopharmacology, 30(4), 1167. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10787-022-01020-Z
Stith, S. S., Vigil, J. M., Brockelman, F., Keeling, K., & Hall, B. (2018). Patient-reported symptom relief following medical cannabis consumption. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9(AUG). https://doi.org/10.3389/FPHAR.2018.00916/FULL
Babson, K. A., Sottile, J., & Morabito, D. (2017). Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Sleep: a Review of the Literature. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/S11920-017-0775-9
Varga, A. W., & Mokhlesi, B. (2019). REM obstructive sleep apnea: risk for adverse health outcomes and novel treatments. Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung, 23(2), 413–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11325-018-1727-2
Suraev, A. S., Marshall, N. S., Vandrey, R., McCartney, D., Benson, M. J., McGregor, I. S., Grunstein, R. R., & Hoyos, C. M. (2020). Cannabinoid therapies in the management of sleep disorders: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 53. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SMRV.2020.101339
Calik, M. W., & Carley, D. W. (2017). Effects of Cannabinoid Agonists and Antagonists on Sleep and Breathing in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Sleep, 40(9). https://doi.org/10.1093/SLEEP/ZSX112
Samaha, D., Kandiah, T., & Zimmerman, D. (2020). Cannabis Use for Restless Legs Syndrome and Uremic Pruritus in in patients treated with maintenance dialysis: A Survey. Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease, 7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358120954944
Schütz, S. G., Dunn, A., Braley, T. J., Pitt, B., & Shelgikar, A. v. (2021). New frontiers in pharmacologic obstructive sleep apnea treatment: A narrative review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 57, 101473. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SMRV.2021.101473
Megelin, T., & Ghorayeb, I. (2017). Cannabis for restless legs syndrome: a report of six patients. Sleep Medicine, 36, 182–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SLEEP.2017.04.019
Ghorayeb, I. (2020). More evidence of cannabis efficacy in restless legs syndrome. Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung, 24(1), 277–279. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11325-019-01978-1
Kesner, A. J., & Lovinger, D. M. (2020). Cannabinoids, Endocannabinoids and Sleep. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 13, 125. https://doi.org/10.3389/FNMOL.2020.00125
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Michał Tomkiewicz, Julia Tomkiewicz, Michał Paluch, Paweł Olko, Agnieszka Rybkowska, Magda Żuchnik, Jakub Radulski, Piotr Sałata, Paulina Szczuraszek, Hugo Szczuraszek
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 1315
Number of citations: 0