What do we know about creatine supplementation?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.10.002Keywords
creatine, supplementation, ergogenic aids, sportAbstract
Creatine is one of the most often used supplements nowadays. Its popularity can be attributed to a wide variety of clinical implications.
The intent of this paper was to evaluate and review the latest publications about the usage and potential clinical effects on the human body of creatine supplementation and to bring attention to new findings in this subject.
Authors explored PubMed, CrossRef and Google Scholar using keywords: creatine, supplements, ergogenic aids, neuroprotection, bioenergetics. Furthermore, the references of selected articles were manually investigated for additional relevant articles. The bibliography focused mainly on systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and case reports. The selection of individual articles was carried out in accordance with the determinants of general medicine readership.
There is still a lot to learn about creatine supplementation and its potentially beneficial effects. Further evidence-based studies are required, as the amount of reliable data and information is still not sufficient and lots of them have yet to be examined.
References
Antonio J, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Gualano B, Jagim AR, Kreider RB, Rawson ES, Smith-Ryan AE, VanDusseldorp TA, Willoughby DS, Ziegenfuss TN. Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021;18(1):1–17.
Butts J, Jacobs B, Silvis M. Creatine Use in Sports. Sports Health. 2018;10(1):31–4.
Kreider RB, Kalman DS, Antonio J, Ziegenfuss TN, Wildman R, Collins R, Candow DG, Kleiner SM, Almada AL, Lopez HL. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14(1):1–18.
Momaya A, Fawal M, Estes R. Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sports: A Review of the Literature. Sport Med. 2015;45(4):517–31.
Kreider RB, Stout JR. Creatine in health and disease. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):1–28.
Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Pinto NR, Pereda A, Jiménez P, Corso M Del, Kang BS, Nally M, Lanata N, Wang HL, Quirynen M. The impact of the centrifuge characteristics and centrifugation protocols on the cells, growth factors, and fibrin architecture of a leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) clot and membrane. Platelets. 2018;29(2):171–84.
Solis MY, Artioli GG, Gualano B. Potential of creatine in glucose management and diabetes. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):1–13.
Chilibeck P, Kaviani M, Candow D, Zello GA. Effect of creatine supplementation during resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis. Open Access J Sport Med. 2017;Volume 8:213–26.
Candow DG, Forbes SC, Chilibeck PD, Cornish SM, Antonio J, Kreider RB. Variables Influencing the Effectiveness of Creatine Supplementation as a Therapeutic Intervention for Sarcopenia. Front Nutr. 2019;6.
Avgerinos KI, Spyrou N, Bougioukas KI, Kapogiannis D. Effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function of healthy individuals: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Exp Gerontol [Internet]. 2018;108(April):166–73. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2018.04.013
Roschel H, Gualano B, Ostojic SM, Rawson ES. Creatine supplementation and brain health. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):1–10.
Marques EP, Wyse ATS. Creatine as a Neuroprotector: an Actor that Can Play Many Parts. Neurotox Res. 2019;36(2):411–23.
Van Bavel D, de Moraes R, Tibirica E. Effects of dietary supplementation with creatine on homocysteinemia and systemic microvascular endothelial function in individuals adhering to vegan diets. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2019;33(4):428–40.
Gonzales EB, Smith RN, Agharkar AS. A review of creatine supplementation in age-related diseases: More than a supplement for athletes. F1000Research. 2014;3(0):1–11.
Clarke H, Kim DH, Meza CA, Ormsbee MJ, Hickner RC. The evolving applications of creatine supplementation: Could creatine improve vascular health? Nutrients. 2020;12(9):1–23.
Clarke H, Hickner RC, Ormsbee MJ. The potential role of creatine in vascular health. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):1–28.
Hersch SM, Schifitto G, Oakes D, Bredlau AL, Meyers CM, Nahin R, Rosas HDi. The CREST-E study of creatine for Huntington disease. Neurology. 2017;89(6):594–601.
Rosas HD, Doros G, Gevorkian S, Malarick K, Reuter M, Coutu JP, Triggs TD, Wilkens PJ, Matson W, Salat DH, Hersch SM. PRECREST: A phase II prevention and biomarker trial of creatine in at-risk huntington disease. Neurology. 2014;82(10):850–7.
Candow DG, Forbes SC, Chilibeck PD, Cornish SM, Antonio J, Kreider RB. Effectiveness of creatine supplementation on aging muscle and bone: Focus on falls prevention and inflammation. J Clin Med. 2019;8(4).
Balestrino M, Gandolfo C, Perasso L. Controlling the Flow of Energy: Inhibition and Stimulation of the Creatine Transporter. Curr Enzym Inhib. 2009;5(4):223–33.
Wallimann T, Harris R. Creatine: a miserable life without it. Amino Acids. 2016;48(8):1739–50.
Brosnan ME, Edison EE, da Silva R, Brosnan JT. New insights into creatine function and synthesis. Adv Enzyme Regul. 2007;47(1):252–60.
Bonilla DA, Kreider RB, Stout JR, Forero DA, Kerksick CM, Roberts MD, Rawson ES. Metabolic basis of creatine in health and disease: A bioinformatics-assisted review. Vol. 13, Nutrients. 2021. 1–32 p.
Wyss M, Kaddurah-Daouk R. Creatine and creatinine metabolism. Physiol Rev. 2000;80(3):1107–213.
Hall M, Trojian TH. Creatine supplementation. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2013;12(4):240–4.
Devries MC, Phillips SM. Creatine supplementation during resistance training in older adults - A meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(6):1194–203.
Poortmans JR, Francaux M. Long-term oral creatine supplementation does not impair renal function in healthy athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(8):1108–10.
Jagim AR, Kerksick CM. Creatine supplementation in children and adolescents. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):1–17.
Geller AI, Shehab N, Weidle NJ, Lovegrove MC, Wolpert BJ, Timbo BB, Mozersky RP, Budnitz DS. Emergency Department Visits for Adverse Events Related to Dietary Supplements. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(16):1531–40.
Robinson TM, Sewell DA, Casey A, Steenge G, Greenhaff PL. Dietary creatine supplementation does not affect some haematological indices, or indices of muscle damage and hepatic and renal function. Br J Sports Med. 2000;34(4):284–8.
de Souza e Silva A, Pertille A, Reis Barbosa CG, Aparecida de Oliveira Silva J, de Jesus DV, Ribeiro AGSV, Baganha RJ, de Oliveira JJ. Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Renal Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Ren Nutr. 2019;29(6):480–9.
Lugaresi R, Leme M, de Salles Painelli V, Murai IH, Roschel H, Sapienza MT, Lancha Junior AH, Gualano B. Does long-term creatine supplementation impair kidney function in resistance-trained individuals consuming a high-protein diet? J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013;10:1–6.
Bender A, Samtleben W, Elstner M, Klopstock T. Long-term creatine supplementation is safe in aged patients with Parkinson disease. Nutr Res. 2008;28(3):172–8.
Jäger R, Purpura M, Shao A, Inoue T, Kreider RB. Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and regulatory status of novel forms of creatine. Amino Acids. 2011;40(5):1369–83.
Wallimann T, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Schlattner U. The creatine kinase system and pleiotropic effects of creatine. Amino Acids. 2011;40(5):1271–96.
Cordingley DM, Cornish SM, Candow DG. Supplementation : A Brief Review. 2022;1–11.
Harmon KK, Stout JR, Fukuda DH, Pabian PS, Rawson ES, Stock MS. The application of creatine supplementation in medical rehabilitation. Nutrients. 2021;13(6):1–24.
Greydanus DE, Patel DR. Sports Doping in the Adolescent: The Faustian Conundrum of Hors De Combat. Pediatr Clin North Am [Internet]. 2010;57(3):729–50. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2010.02.008
Cooper R, Naclerio F, Allgrove J, Jimenez A. Suplementação com creatina. J Int Soc Sport Nutr 2012. 2012;1–11.
De Salles Painelli V, Alves VT, Ugrinowitsch C, Benatti FB, Artioli GG, Lancha AH, Gualano B, Roschel H. Creatine supplementation prevents acute strength loss induced by concurrent exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014;114(8):1749–55.
Alsever RN, Georg RH, Sussman KE. Stimulation of insulin secretion by guanidinoacetic acid and other guanidine derivatives. Endocrinology. 1970;86(2):332–6.
Marco J, Calle C, Hedo JA, Villanueva ML. GLUCAGON-RELEASING ACTIVITY OF GUANIDINE COMPOUNDS IN MOUSE PANCREATIC ISLETS. FEBS Lett. 1976;64(1):52–4.
Pinto CL, Botelho PB, Pimentel GD, Campos-Ferraz PL, Mota JF. Creatine supplementation and glycemic control: a systematic review. Amino Acids. 2016;48(9):2103–29.
Arciero PJ, Hannibal NS, Nindl BC, Gentile CL, Hamed J, Vukovich MD. Comparison of creatine ingestion and resistance training on energy expenditure and limb blood flow. Metabolism. 2001;50(12):1429–34.
De Moraes R, Van Bavel D, De Moraes BS, Tibiriçá E. Effects of dietary creatine supplementation on systemic microvascular density and reactivity in healthy young adults. Nutr J. 2014;13(1):1–10.
Rawson ES, Venezia AC. Use of creatine in the elderly and evidence for effects on cognitive function in young and old. Amino Acids. 2011;40(5):1349–62.
Balestrino M, Adriano E. Beyond sports: Efficacy and safety of creatine supplementation in pathological or paraphysiological conditions of brain and muscle. Med Res Rev. 2019;39(6):2427–59.
Watanabe A, Kato N, Kato T. Effects of creatine on mental fatigue and cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation. Neurosci Res. 2002;42(4):279–85.
Benton D, Donohoe R. The influence of creatine supplementation on the cognitive functioning of vegetarians and omnivores. Br J Nutr. 2011;105(7):1100–5.
Ling J, Kritikos M, Tiplady B. Cognitive effects of creatine ethyl ester supplementation. Behav Pharmacol. 2009;20(8):673–9.
Adhihetty PJ, Beal MF. Creatine and Its Potential Therapeutic Value for Targeting Cellular Energy Impairment in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neuromolecular Med. 2008;10(4):275–90.
Bender A, Klopstock T. Creatine for neuroprotection in neurodegenerative disease: end of story? Amino Acids. 2016;48(8):1929–40.
Kley R, Tarnopolsky M, Vorgerd M. Cochrane Library Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Creatine for treating muscle disorders (Review). 2013
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Dominika Egierska, Michał Perszke
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 915
Number of citations: 0
