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Journal of Education, Health and Sport

Male breast cancer - a review on risk factors, tumor characteristics, diagnostics and treatment
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Male breast cancer - a review on risk factors, tumor characteristics, diagnostics and treatment

Authors

  • Martyna Zielińska Samodzielny Publiczny Szpital Kliniczny Nr 4 w Lublinie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8886-8274
  • Jakub Aleksandrowicz Samodzielny Publiczny Szpital Kliniczny Nr 4 w Lublinie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4534-9682
  • Natalia Zarankiewicz Samodzielny Publiczny Szpital Kliniczny Nr 4 w Lublinie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9203-3376
  • Julia Kuchnicka Szpital Specjalistyczny w Brzezinach https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0409-5695
  • Katarzyna Kosz Samodzielny Publiczny Szpital Kliniczny Nr 4 w Lublinie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6848-0598
  • Aleksandra Kuchnicka Absolwent Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-7592
  • Klaudia Sapuła Samodzielny Publiczny Szpital Kliniczny Nr 4 w Lublinie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2436-0150
  • Klaudia Remjasz Absolwent Warszawskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0879-7515
  • Wojciech Siedlecki 1 Wojskowy Szpital Kliniczny w Lublinie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9917-5411
  • Mateusz Fabiś Wojewódzki Szpital Specjalistyczny im. M. Kopernika w Łodzi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7150-1852

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.09.003

Keywords

breast cancer, male breast cancer, risk factors, treatment

Abstract

Introduction and purpose:

Male breast cancer (MBC) is estimated to less than 1% of all breast cancer cases worldwide. A lifetime risk of developing MBC amounts to 1:1000. The data on breast cancer in men is limited. This review aims to analyze information on risk factors, diagnostics and treatment in men suffering from breast cancer. 

Material and method:

This review was based on available data collected in PubMed and published in the years 2001-2022. The research was done by looking through keywords as follows: “breast cancer”, “male breast cancer”, “risk factors” and “treatment”.

Results:

Male breast cancer usually manifests as a painless, retroareolar mass in the breast. Risk factors include advanced age, hormonal imbalance, exposure to radiation and a positive family history. A significant risk increase in MBC development occurs in BRCA2, CHEK2, PALB2 and ATM genes mutations. G2 ductal carcinoma with no special type is most often diagnosed. Dominating subtype is luminal A cancer, while HER2 protein overexpression is extremely rare. Radical mastectomy or breast conserving therapy remain surgical therapeutic options. The most preferred endocrine therapy is tamoxifen. The choice of chemotherapy in men is based on the same criteria as in women. 

Conclusions:

Delayed diagnosis and tumor characteristics are associated with a much worse prognosis for men compared to women. Therefore, further clinical research is crucial in order to improve the diagnostic possibilities and treatment targeted at men with this type of cancer.

References

International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organisation, Latest global cancer data: Cancer burden rises to 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths in 2018, 2018

Hassett MJ, Somerfield MR, Baker ER et al. Management of male breast cancer: ASCO guideline. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38 (16): 1849-1863. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.19.03120

Abreu MH, Afonso N, Abreu PH et al. Male breast cancer: Looking for better prognostic subgroups. Breast 2016; 26: 18–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2015.12.001

Nofal MN, Yousef AJ. The diagnosis of male breast cancer. Neth. J. Med. 2019; 77: 356–359.

Ionescu S, Nicolescu AC, Marincas M et al. An update on the general features of breast cancer in male patients - a literature review. Diagnostics 2022; 12, 1554. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071554

Abdelwahab Yousef AJ. Male Breast Cancer: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Semin. Oncol. 2017; 44: 267–272. DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2017.11.002

Kwiatkowska E, Teresiak M, Lamperska KM, Karczewska A, Breborowicz D, Stawicka M, et al. BRCA2 germline mutations in male breast cancer patients in the polish population. Hum Mutat. 2001; 17(1): 73. DOI: 10.1002/1098-1004(2001)17:1<73::AID-HUMU12>3.0.CO;2-O

Basham VM, Lipscombe JM, Ward JM, Gayther SA, Ponder BA, Easton DF, et al. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a population-based study of male breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2002; 4(1): R2. DOI: 10.1186/bcr419

Rizzolo P, Zelli V, Silvestri V, Valentini V, Zanna I, Bianchi S, et al. Insight into genetic susceptibility to male breast cancer by multigene panel testing: results from a multicenter study in Italy. Int J Cancer. 2019; 145(2): 390–400. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32106

Hallamies S, Pelttari LM, Poikonen-Saksela P, Jekunen A, Jukkola-Vuorinen A, Auvinen P, et al. CHEK2 c.1100delC mutation is associated with an increased risk for male breast cancer in Finnish patient population. BMC Cancer. 2017; 17(1):620. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3631-8

Szwiec M, Tomiczek-Szwiec J, Kluźniak W, Wokołorczyk D et al. Genetic predisposition to male breast cancer in Poland. BMC Cancer 2021; 21: 975. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08718-3

Chamseddine RS, Wang C, Yin K et al. Penetrance of male breast cancer susceptibility genes: A systematic review. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2022; 191: 31–38. DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06413-2

Methamem M, Ghadhab I, Hidar S, Briki R. Breast cancer in men: A serie of 45 cases and literature review. Pan Afr. Med. J. 2020; 36: 1–10. DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.36.183.22574

Tahrir Y. Bertal A, Mawhoub S et al. A cerebellopontine angle metastatis of a male breast cancer: Case report. Ann. Med. Surg. 2022; 75, 103421. DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103421

Leone JP, Leone BA, Zwenger AO et al. The prognostic significance of metastatic pattern in stage IV male breast cancer at initial diagnosis: A population-based study. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2021; 187: 237–244. DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-06052-z

de Almeida Freire N, de Andrade BAB, Silva Canedo NH et al. Oral and maxillofacial metastasis of male breast cancer: Report of a rare case and literature review. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. 2019, 127: 18–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2018.05.006

Zhao J, Wang B, Zhao J, Mao Y et al. Male breast cancer: A closer look at patient and tumor characteristics and factors associated with survival. Thoracic Cancer 2020; 11: 3107-3116. DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13611

Gucalp A, Traina TA, Eisner JR et al. Male breast cancer: a disease distinct from female breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2019; 173(1): 37–48. DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4921-9

Betani SB, Davidson AJ, Arora M et al. Is breast conserving therapy appropriate for male breast cancer patients? A National Cancer Database Analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2019; 26(7): 2144–2153. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-019-07159-4

Sauder CAM, Bateni SB, Davidson AJ et al. Breast Conserving Surgery Compared with Mastectomy in Male Breast Cancer: A Brief Systematic Review. Clin. Breast Cancer 2020; 20: 309–314. DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2019.12.004

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Published

2022-08-26

How to Cite

1.
ZIELIŃSKA, Martyna, ALEKSANDROWICZ, Jakub, ZARANKIEWICZ, Natalia, KUCHNICKA, Julia, KOSZ, Katarzyna, KUCHNICKA, Aleksandra, SAPUŁA, Klaudia, REMJASZ, Klaudia, SIEDLECKI, Wojciech and FABIŚ, Mateusz. Male breast cancer - a review on risk factors, tumor characteristics, diagnostics and treatment. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. Online. 26 August 2022. Vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 25-32. [Accessed 21 May 2025]. DOI 10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.09.003.
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Vol. 12 No. 9 (2022)

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Review Articles

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Copyright (c) 2022 Martyna Zielińska, Jakub Aleksandrowicz, Natalia Zarankiewicz, Julia Kuchnicka, Katarzyna Kosz, Aleksandra Kuchnicka, Klaudia Sapuła, Klaudia Remjasz, Wojciech Siedlecki, Mateusz Fabiś

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