COVID-19 in periodontal patients
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.09.014Keywords
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, periodontitisAbstract
Periodontitis is a complex multifactorial disease. COVID-19 pandemic prompted researchers to look for a relationship between SARS-CoV 2 infection and periodontal diseases. The SARS-CoV 2 pathomechanism is associated with the ACE2 receptor, which is highly expressed in periodontal patients. The virus causes a cytokine storm which is also seen in periodontitis. Periopathogen proteases can degrade the S protein of the virus, which facilitates its entry into the host cell. In addition, galectin-3, a protein present in periodontitis, is morphologically similar to the S protein of the virus, which may cause the easier attachment of the virus with the host cell more easily and increase the immune response. In patients infected with SARS-CoV 2, oral lesions such as erosions, ulcers, petechiae, acute parotitis and necrotizing gingivitis occur. The aim of the study is to present the latest reports on the possible mechanisms of the influence of periodontal diseases on the infection and course of SARS-CoV 2 infection and to describe cases of changes in the oral cavity in the course of COVID-19.
References
Wang MY, Zhao R, Gao LJ et al. SARS-CoV-2: Structure, Biology, and Structure-Based Therapeutics Development. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10(November):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.587269
Novelli G, Biancolella M, Mehrian-Shai R et al. COVID-19 update: the first 6 months of the pandemic. Hum Genomics. 2020;14(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-020-00298-w
Yang Y, Xiao Z, Ye K et al. SARS-CoV-2: characteristics and current advances in research. Virol J. 2020;17(1):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-020-01369-z
Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708-1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2002032
Amirian S. Potential fecal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Current evidence and implications for public health. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;95(January):363-370.
Nishiura H, Linton NM, Akhmetzhanov AR. Initial Cluster of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infections in Wuhan, China Is Consistent with Substantial Human-to-Human Transmission. J Clin Med. 2020;9(2):488. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020488
Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y et al. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):424-432. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25685
Verdecchia P, Cavallini C, Spanevello A et al. COVID-19: ACE2centric Infective Disease? Hypertension. 2020:294-299. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15353
Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC et al. Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2020;324(8):782-793. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12839
Ratajczak MZ, Kucia M. SARS-CoV-2 infection and overactivation of Nlrp3 inflammasome as a trigger of cytokine “storm” and risk factor for damage of hematopoietic stem cells. Leukemia. 2020;34(7):1726-1729. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-020-0887-9
Kinane DF, Stathopoulou PG, Papapanou PN. Periodontal diseases. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2017;3:1-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.38
Hirschfeld J. Neutrophil Subsets in Periodontal Health and Disease: A Mini Review. Front Immunol. 2020;10:1-7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.03001
Arweiler NB, Netuschil L. The Oral Microbiota. Microbiota Hum Body. 2016;902:45-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31248-4
Sukumar K, Tadepalli A. Nexus between COVID-19 and periodontal disease. J Int Med Res. 2021;49(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/03000605211002695
Scannapieco FA, Bush RB, Paju S. Associations between periodontal disease and risk for nosocomial bacterial pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol. 2003;8(1):54-69. https://doi.org/10.1902/annals.2003.8.1.54
Gomes-Filho IS, Cruz SS, Trindade SC, et al. Periodontitis and respiratory diseases: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2020;26(2):439-446. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13228
Azarpazhooh A, Leake JL. Systematic Review of the Association Between Respiratory Diseases and Oral Health. J Periodontol. 2006;77(9):1465-1482. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2006.060010
Campisi G, Bizzoca ME, Lo Muzio L. COVID-19 and periodontitis: reflecting on a possible association. Head Face Med. 2021;17(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13005-021-00267-1
Hegde R, Awan KH. Effects of periodontal disease on systemic health. Disease-a-Month. 2019;65(6):185-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2018.09.011
Graves D. Cytokines That Promote Periodontal Tissue Destruction. J Periodontol. 2008;79(8s):1585-1591. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2008.080183
Cheng WC, Hughes FJ, Taams LS. The presence, function and regulation of IL-17 and Th17 cells in periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2014;41(6):541-549. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12238
Seymour GJ, Ford PJ, Cullinan MP et al. Relationship between periodontal infections and systemic disease. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007;13 Suppl 4:3-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01798.x
Wu D, Yang XO. TH17 responses in cytokine storm of COVID-19: An emerging target of JAK2 inhibitor Fedratinib. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53(3):368-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.005
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Takahashi Y, Watanabe N, Kamio N, et al. Expression of the sars-cov-2 receptor ace2 and proinflammatory cytokines induced by the periodontopathic bacterium fusobacterium nucleatum in human respiratory epithelial cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(3):1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031352
Sahni V, Gupta S. COVID-19 & Periodontitis: The cytokine connection. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109908
Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):1-5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x
Clayton NA, Carnaby GD, Peters MJ et al. Impaired laryngopharyngeal sensitivity in patients with COPD: The association with swallow function. Int J Speech Lang Pathol. 2014;16(6):615-623. https://doi.org/10.3109/17549507.2014.882987
Marik PE, Kaplan D. Aspiration pneumonia and dysphagia in the elderly. Chest. 2003;124(1):328-336. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.124.1.328
Yamasaki K, Kawanami T, Yatera K et al. Significance of Anaerobes and Oral Bacteria in Community-Acquired Pneumonia. PLoS One. 2013;8(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063103
Shen Z, Xiao Y, Kang L et al. Genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients. J Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):713-720. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa203
Takahashi Y, Watanabe N, Kamio N et al. Aspiration of periodontopathic bacteria due to poor oral hygiene potentially contributes to the aggravation of COVID-19. J Oral Sci. 2021;63(1):1-3. https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.20-0388
Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X et al. Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15562-9
López De Cicco R, Watson JC, Bassi DE et al. Simultaneous expression of furin and vascular endothelial growth factor in human oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma progression. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(13):4480-4488. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0670
Esteves-Lima RP, Reis CS, Santirocchi-Júnior F et al. Association between periodontitis and serum c-reactive protein levels. J Clin Exp Dent. 2020;12(9):e838-e843. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.57041
Ozaki K, Inoue K, Sato H et al. Functional variation in LGALS2 confers risk of myocardial infarction and regulates lymphotoxin-α secretion in vitro. Nature. 2004;429(6987):72-75. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02502
de Oliveira FL, Gatto M, Bassi N et al. Galectin-3 in autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. Exp Biol Med. 2015;240(8):1019-1028. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370215593826
Kara C, Çelen K, Dede FÖ et al. Is periodontal disease a risk factor for developing severe Covid-19 infection? The potential role of Galectin-3. Exp Biol Med. 2020;245(16):1425-1427. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370220953771
Caniglia JL, Guda MR, Asuthkar S et al. A potential role for Galectin-3 inhibitors in the treatment of COVID-19. PeerJ. 2020;8:e9392. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9392
Fantini J, Di C, Chahinian H et al. Structural and molecular modelling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960.
Wang WH, Lin CY, Chang MR et al. The role of galectins in virus infection - A systemic literature review. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53(6):925-935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2019.09.005
Iranmanesh B, Khalili M, Amiri R et al. Oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease: A review article. Dermatol Ther. 2021;34(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.14578
Baghizadeh M. What dentists need to know about COVID-19. Oral Oncol. 2020;105:1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104741
Halboub E, Al-Maweri SA, Alanazi RH et al. Orofacial manifestations of COVID-19: a brief review of the published literature. Braz Oral Res. 2020;34:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0124
Recalcati S. Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: a first perspective. J Eur Acad Dermatology Venereol. 2020;34(5):e212-e213. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16387
Soares CD, de Carvalho RA, de Carvalho KA et al. Oral lesions in a patient with COVID-19. Med Oral Patol Oral y Cir Bucal. 2020;25(4):563-564. https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.24044
Putra BE, Adiarto S, Dewayanti SR et al. Viral exanthem with “Spins and needles sensation” on extremities of a COVID-19 patient: A self-reported case from an Indonesian medical frontliner. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;96:355-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.020
Ansari R, Gheitani M, Heidari F et al. Oral cavity lesions as a manifestation of the novel virus (COVID-19). Oral Dis. 2021;27(S3):771-772. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13465
Santos JA , Normando AGC, Silva RLC et al. Oral mucosal lesions in a COVID-19 patient: New signs or secondary manifestations? Int J Infect Dis. 2020;97:326-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.012
Ciccarese G, Drago F, Boatti M et al. Oral erosions and petechiae during SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol. 2021;93(1):129-132. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26221
Martín Carreras-Presas C, Amaro Sánchez J, López-Sánchez AF et al. Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Oral Dis. 2021;27(S3):710-712. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13382
Cebeci Kahraman F, Çaşkurlu H. Mucosal involvement in a COVID-19-positive patient: A case report. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13797
Capaccio P, Pignataro L, Corbellino M et al. Acute Parotitis: A Possible Precocious Clinical Manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection? Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg (United States). 2020;163(1):182-183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820926992
Lechien JR, Chetrit A, Chekkoury-Idrissi Y et al. Parotitis-like symptoms associated with COVID-19. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(9):2270-2271. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2609.202059.
Fisher J, Monette DL, Patel KR et al. COVID-19 associated parotitis. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;39(January):254.e1-254.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.059
Patel J, Woolley J. Necrotizing periodontal disease: Oral manifestation of COVID-19. Oral Dis. 2021;27(S3):768-769. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13462
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Michał Perszke, Dominika Egierska
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 297
Number of citations: 0
