Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
  • Register
  • Login
  • Menu
  • Home
  • Current
  • Archives
  • Announcements
  • About
    • About the Journal
    • Submissions
    • Editorial Team
    • Privacy Statement
    • Contact
  • Register
  • Login

Journal of Education, Health and Sport

Risk factors for infectious keratitis - a literature review
  • Home
  • /
  • Risk factors for infectious keratitis - a literature review
  1. Home /
  2. Archives /
  3. Vol. 12 No. 8 (2022) /
  4. Review Articles

Risk factors for infectious keratitis - a literature review

Authors

  • Dominika Sereda Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 4 in Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4189-1674
  • Hubert Nieścior Medical University of Lublin, Aleje Racławickie 1, 20-059 Lublin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4709-4396
  • Aleksandra Metelska Provincial Specialist Hospital of the name Stefan Cardinal Wyszyński, Aleja Kraśnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3166-1296
  • Jakub Metelski Provincial Specialist Hospital of the name Stefan Cardinal Wyszyński, Aleja Kraśnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7110-9332
  • Monika Szwed Provincial Specialist Hospital of the name Stefan Cardinal Wyszyński, Aleja Kraśnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5711-2172

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.08.047

Keywords

infectious keratitis, bacterial keratitis, fungal keratitis, parasitic keratitis, risk factors

Abstract

Introduction and purpose 

Infectious keratitis represents the leading cause of corneal blindness worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Both risk factors and etiological patterns vary between economically developed and developing regions, with bacterial predominance in the former and fungal predominance in the latter. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the risk factors in relation to infectious keratitis.

Description of the state of knowledge 

Infectious keratitis is a painful and potentially vision-threatening ophthalmic condition characterized by decreased vision, photophobia and eye redness. In severe cases, it may require hospital admission for intensive medical treatment or surgical interventions. It can be caused by a wide array of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites or polymicrobial infection. The most commonly observed predisposing factors for infectious keratitis include contact lens wear, trauma, ocular surface diseases, post-corneal surgery and systemic or local immunosuppression. Manual workers in construction or agricultural industry, exposed to vegetative matter, organic materials and animal products are particularly at risk. Higher rate of incidence is also observed in regions with poor environmental and personal hygiene, low level of education, poor access to sanitation and healthcare facility.

Summary 

Persistent prevalence of infectious keratitis in both developed and developing countries makes it a serious medical problem. Prevention, proper diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial for positive visual outcome.

References

Ting DSJ, Ho CS, Deshmukh R, Said DG, Dua HS. Infectious keratitis: an update on epidemiology, causative microorganisms, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance. Eye (Lond). 2021 Apr;35(4):1084-1101. doi: 10.1038/s41433-020-01339-3. Epub 2021 Jan 7. Erratum in: Eye (Lond). 2021 Oct;35(10):2908. PMID: 33414529; PMCID: PMC8102486.

Skalska M, Wyroślak- Bednarek D, Jurowski P. Infekcyjne choroby rogówki Część 1. Zróżnicowanie obrazu klinicznego i metod diagnostycznych. Okulistyka po Dyplomie 2022: 01 (12), 10-16.

Arunga S, Kintoki GM, Gichuhi S, Onyango J, Ayebazibwe B, Newton R, Leck A, Macleod D, Hu VH, Burton MJ. Risk Factors of Microbial Keratitis in Uganda: A Case Control Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2020 Apr;27(2):98-104. doi: 10.1080/09286586.2019.1682619. Epub 2019 Oct 22. PMID: 31640454; PMCID: PMC7446035.

Ung L, Bispo PJM, Shanbhag SS, Gilmore MS, Chodosh J. The persistent dilemma of microbial keratitis: Global burden, diagnosis, and antimicrobial resistance. Surv Ophthalmol. 2019 May-Jun;64(3):255-271. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.12.003. Epub 2018 Dec 24. PMID: 30590103; PMCID: PMC7021355

Stapleton F. The epidemiology of infectious keratitis. Ocul Surf. 2021 Aug 19:S1542-0124(21)00089-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.08.007. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34419639.

Al-Mujaini A, Al-Kharusi N, Thakral A, Wali UK. Bacterial keratitis: perspective on epidemiology, clinico-pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2009 Aug;9(2):184-95. Epub 2009 Jun 30. PMID: 21509299; PMCID: PMC3074777.

Koganti R, Yadavalli T, Naqvi RA, Shukla D, Naqvi AR. Pathobiology and treatment of viral keratitis. Exp Eye Res. 2021 Apr;205:108483. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108483. Epub 2021 Feb 6. PMID: 33556334; PMCID: PMC8043992.

Azher TN, Yin XT, Tajfirouz D, Huang AJ, Stuart PM. Herpes simplex keratitis: challenges in diagnosis and clinical management. Clin Ophthalmol. 2017 Jan 19;11:185-191. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S80475. PMID: 28176902; PMCID: PMC5261835.

Bourcier T, Sauer A, Dory A, Denis J, Sabou M. Fungal keratitis. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2017 Nov;40(9):e307-e313. doi: 10.1016/j.jfo.2017.08.001. Epub 2017 Oct 4. PMID: 28987448.

Spętana D, Wilczyński M. Zapalenie rogówki spowodowane infekcją Acanthamoeba – wciąż aktualny problem kliniczny. Okulistyka po Dyplomie 2021: 05 (11), 6-10.

Szentmáry N, Daas L, Shi L, Laurik KL, Lepper S, Milioti G, Seitz B. Acanthamoeba keratitis - Clinical signs, differential diagnosis and treatment. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2018 Oct 19;31(1):16-23. doi: 10.1016/j.joco.2018.09.008. PMID: 30899841; PMCID: PMC6407156.

Moshirfar M, Somani SN, Shmunes KM, Espandar L, Gokhale NS, Ronquillo YC, Hoopes PC. A Narrative Review of Microsporidial Infections of the Cornea. Ophthalmol Ther. 2020 Jun;9(2):265-278. doi: 10.1007/s40123-020-00243-z. Epub 2020 Mar 10. PMID: 32157613; PMCID: PMC7196102.

González-Dibildox LA, Oyervidez-Alvarad JA, Vazquez-Romo KA, Ramos-Betancourt N, Hernandez-Quintela E, Beltra F, Garza-Leon M. Polymicrobial Keratitis: Risk Factors, Clinical Characteristics, Bacterial Profile, and Antimicrobial Resistance. Eye Contact Lens. 2021 Aug 1;47(8):465-470. doi: 10.1097/ICL.0000000000000777. PMID: 33625061.

Stapleton F, Shrestha GS, Vijay AK, Carnt N. Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Genetics of Contact Lens-Related and Non-Contact Lens-Related Infectious Keratitis. Eye Contact Lens. 2022 Mar 1;48(3):127-133. doi: 10.1097/ICL.0000000000000884. PMID: 35192567.

Khoo P, Cabrera-Aguas MP, Nguyen V, Lahra MM, Watson SL. Microbial keratitis in Sydney, Australia: risk factors, patient outcomes, and seasonal variation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020 Aug;258(8):1745-1755. doi: 10.1007/s00417-020-04681-0. Epub 2020 May 2. PMID: 32358645.

Konda N, Garg P, Sharma S, Willcox MDP. Risk Factors for Contact Lens-Related Microbial Keratitis and Associated Vision Loss in a South Indian Population. Eye Contact Lens. 2021 Feb 1;47(2):118-126. doi: 10.1097/ICL.0000000000000737. PMID: 33009258.

Leonardi A, Flamion B, Baudouin C. Keratitis in Dry Eye Disease and Topical Ciclosporin A. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2017 Aug;25(4):577-586. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2016.1276933. Epub 2017 Feb 1. PMID: 28146363.

Durrani AF, Faith SC, Kowalski RP, Yu M, Romanowski E, Shanks R, Dhaliwal D, Jhanji V. Moraxella Keratitis: Analysis of Risk Factors, Clinical Characteristics, Management, and Treatment Outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019 Jan;197:17-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.08.055. Epub 2018 Sep 8. PMID: 30201340.

Bernardes TF, Bonfioli AA. Blepharitis. Semin Ophthalmol. 2010 May;25(3):79-83. doi: 10.3109/08820538.2010.488562. PMID: 20590417.

Feroze KB, Patel BC. Neurotrophic Keratitis. 2022 May 24. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan–. PMID: 28613758.

Margolis TP. Neurotrophic Keratopathy: Ophthalmology's Diabetic Foot Problem. Eye Contact Lens. 2021 Mar 1;47(3):136-139. doi: 10.1097/ICL.0000000000000774. PMID: 33599469.

Lim BX, Koh VTC, Ray M. Microbial characteristics of post-traumatic infective keratitis. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2018 Jan;28(1):13-18. doi: 10.5301/ejo.5001009. PMID: 28708218.

Suzuki T, Sutani T, Nakai H, Shirahige K, Kinoshita S. The Microbiome of the Meibum and Ocular Surface in Healthy Subjects. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;61:18

Song A, Deshmukh R, Lin H, Ang M, Mehta JS, Chodosh J, Said DG, Dua HS, Ting DSJ. Post-keratoplasty Infectious Keratitis: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Management, and Outcomes. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Jul 7;8:707242. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.707242. PMID: 34307431; PMCID: PMC8292647.

Dhawan S, Rao K, Natrajan S. Complications of corneal collagen cross-linking. J Ophthalmol. 2011;2011:869015. doi: 10.1155/2011/869015. Epub 2011 Dec 27. PMID: 22254130; PMCID: PMC3255294.

Bunya VY, Aggarwal S, Moon, Pepose J, Birdsong O, Bernfeld E, Reddy V. Photo Activated Chromophore for Keratitis-Corneal Cross-linking. https://eyewiki.aao.org/Photo_Activated_Chromophore_for_Keratitis-Corneal_Cross-linking dostęp: 11.08.2022

Lalitha P, Srinivasan M, Rajaraman R, Ravindran M, Mascarenhas J, Priya JL, Sy A, Oldenburg CE, Ray KJ, Zegans ME, McLeod SD, Lietman TM, Acharya NR. Nocardia keratitis: clinical course and effect of corticosteroids. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012 Dec;154(6):934-939.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2012.06.001. Epub 2012 Sep 5. PMID: 22959881; PMCID: PMC3498612.

Kate A, Bagga B, Ramazanova K, Joshi V, Mohamed A, Sharma S. Risk factors, clinical features and outcomes of Neisseria keratitis. Int Ophthalmol. 2021 Oct;41(10):3361-3369. doi: 10.1007/s10792-021-01898-8. Epub 2021 May 28. PMID: 34047910.

Keay LJ, Gower EW, Iovieno A, Oechsler RA, Alfonso EC, Matoba A, Colby K, Tuli SS, Hammersmith K, Cavanagh D, Lee SM, Irvine J, Stulting RD, Mauger TF, Schein OD. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of fungal keratitis in the United States, 2001-2007: a multicenter study. Ophthalmology. 2011 May;118(5):920-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.09.011. Epub 2011 Feb 4. PMID: 21295857; PMCID: PMC3673009.

Kumar A, Khurana A, Sharma M, Chauhan L. Causative fungi and treatment outcome of dematiaceous fungal keratitis in North India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019;67:1048–53

Zbiba W, Abdesslem NB. Acanthamoeba keratitis: an emerging disease among microbial keratitis in the Cap Bon region of Tunisia. Exp Parasitol. 2018;192:42–5

Downloads

  • PDF

Published

2022-08-12

How to Cite

1.
SEREDA, Dominika, NIEŚCIOR, Hubert, METELSKA, Aleksandra, METELSKI, Jakub & SZWED, Monika. Risk factors for infectious keratitis - a literature review. Journal of Education, Health and Sport [online]. 12 August 2022, T. 12, nr 8, s. 450–465. [accessed 25.3.2023]. DOI 10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.08.047.
  • PN-ISO 690 (Polish)
  • ACM
  • ACS
  • APA
  • ABNT
  • Chicago
  • Harvard
  • IEEE
  • MLA
  • Turabian
  • Vancouver
Download Citation
  • Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  • BibTeX

Issue

Vol. 12 No. 8 (2022)

Section

Review Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2022 Dominika Sereda, Hubert Nieścior, Aleksandra Metelska, Jakub Metelski, Monika Szwed

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0

Stats

Number of views and downloads: 132
Number of citations: 0

Search

Search

Browse

  • Browse Author Index
  • Issue archive

User

User

Current Issue

  • Atom logo
  • RSS2 logo
  • RSS1 logo

Information

  • For Readers
  • For Authors
  • For Librarians

Newsletter

Subscribe Unsubscribe

Tags

Search using one of provided tags:

infectious keratitis, bacterial keratitis, fungal keratitis, parasitic keratitis, risk factors
Up

Akademicka Platforma Czasopism

Najlepsze czasopisma naukowe i akademickie w jednym miejscu

apcz.umk.pl

Partners

  • Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie
  • Akademickie Towarzystwo Andragogiczne
  • Fundacja Copernicus na rzecz Rozwoju Badań Naukowych
  • Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla Polskiej Akademii Nauk
  • Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
  • Karmelitański Instytut Duchowości w Krakowie
  • Państwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych w Krośnie
  • Państwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych we Włocławku
  • Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa im. Stanisława Pigonia w Krośnie
  • Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne
  • Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze
  • Towarzystwo Miłośników Torunia
  • Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
  • Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
  • Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika
  • Uniwersytet w Białymstoku
  • Uniwersytet Warszawski
  • Wojewódzka Biblioteka Publiczna - Książnica Kopernikańska
  • Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Pelplinie / Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne „Bernardinum" w Pelplinie

© 2021- Nicolaus Copernicus University Accessibility statement Shop