RNA-based vaccines – types, strategies of delivery and overview of RNA vaccines
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.07.090Keywords
RNA, mRNA, vaccines, NRM, SAMAbstract
The discovery of mRNA by Sydney Brenner dates back to 1961, but the in vivo expression of mRNA was successful only in 1990, which initiated the development of vaccines based on this molecule. During Sars-CoV-2 pandemy the interest in the use of nucleic acids in the production of drugs and vaccines has increased significantly. The success of mRNA vaccines against Sars-CoV-2 has particularly empowered the pharmaceutical industry to create newer and newer generation products based on RNA modification that could help not only in Covid-2019, but also in the prevention and treatment of other infectious diseases. RNA has a very high potential - it can be used in highly personalized therapies, furthermore the production of mRNA is cheaper, faster than the current therapeutics and the process of mRNA making is more flexible due to the great ease of producing mRNA in the process of transcription. Modifying of the structure of ribonucleic acid and the methods of its delivery leads to the creation of newer and newer vaccines. In this review, we present the potential of RNA molecule in producing vaccines, types of RNA vaccines, strategies of RNA delivery and review of existing RNA-based vaccines.
References
Khalid K, Padda J, Khedr A, Ismail D, Zubair U, Al-Ewaidat OA, Padda S, Cooper AC, Jean-Charles G. HIV and Messenger RNA (mRNA) Vaccine. Cureus. 2021 Jul 5;13(7):e16197. doi: 10.7759/cureus.16197. PMID: 34367800; PMCID: PMC8341208.
Bloom K, van den Berg F, Arbuthnot P. Self-amplifying RNA vaccines for infectious diseases. Gene Ther. 2021 Apr;28(3-4):117-129. doi: 10.1038/s41434-020-00204-y. Epub 2020 Oct 22. PMID: 33093657; PMCID: PMC7580817.
Liang X, Li D, Leng S, Zhu X. RNA-based pharmacotherapy for tumors: From bench to clinic and back. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020 May;125:109997. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109997. Epub 2020 Feb 13. PMID: 32062550.
Xu S, Yang K, Li R, Zhang L. mRNA Vaccine Era-Mechanisms, Drug Platform and Clinical Prospection. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Sep 9;21(18):6582. doi: 10.3390/ijms21186582. PMID: 32916818; PMCID: PMC7554980.
Jackson NAC, Kester KE, Casimiro D, Gurunathan S, DeRosa F. The promise of mRNA vaccines: a biotech and industrial perspective. NPJ Vaccines. 2020 Feb 4;5:11. doi: 10.1038/s41541-020-0159-8. PMID: 32047656; PMCID: PMC7000814.
Blakney A. The next generation of RNA vaccines: self-amplifying RNA. Biochem (Lond) 13 August 2021; 43 (4): 14–17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bio_2021_142
Bhattacharya M, Sharma AR, Ghosh P, Patra P, Patra BC, Lee SS, Chakraborty C. Bioengineering of Novel Non-Replicating mRNA (NRM) and Self-Amplifying mRNA (SAM) Vaccine Candidates Against SARS-CoV-2 Using Immunoinformatics Approach. Mol Biotechnol. 2022 May;64(5):510-525. doi: 10.1007/s12033-021-00432-6. Epub 2022 Jan 4. PMID: 34981440; PMCID: PMC8723807.
Beissert T, Perkovic M, Vogel A, Erbar S, Walzer KC, Hempel T, Brill S, Haefner E, Becker R, Türeci Ö, Sahin U. A Trans-amplifying RNA Vaccine Strategy for Induction of Potent Protective Immunity. Mol Ther. 2020 Jan 8;28(1):119-128. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.09.009. Epub 2019 Sep 12. PMID: 31624015; PMCID: PMC6953774.
Chakraborty C, Sharma AR, Bhattacharya M, Lee SS. From COVID-19 to Cancer mRNA Vaccines: Moving From Bench to Clinic in the Vaccine Landscape. Front Immunol. 2021 Jul 7;12:679344. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679344. PMID: 34305909; PMCID: PMC8293291.
Chaudhary N, Weissman D, Whitehead KA. mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021 Nov;20(11):817-838. doi: 10.1038/s41573-021-00283-5. Epub 2021 Aug 25. Erratum in: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021 Sep 21;: PMID: 34433919; PMCID: PMC8386155.
Soleimanpour S, Yaghoubi A. COVID-19 vaccine: where are we now and where should we go? Expert Rev Vaccines. 2021 Jan;20(1):23-44. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1875824. Epub 2021 Feb 17. PMID: 33435774; PMCID: PMC7898300.
Pfizer - Pfizer and BioNTech Announce Vaccine Candidate Against COVID-19 Achieved Success in First Interim Analysis from Phase 3 Study, 2020 Nov, available from: https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-announce-vaccine-candidate-against
Meo SA, Bukhari IA, Akram J, Meo AS, Klonoff DC. COVID-19 vaccines: comparison of biological, pharmacological characteristics and adverse effects of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021 Feb;25(3):1663-1669. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202102_24877. PMID: 33629336.
Richner JM, Himansu S, Dowd KA, Butler SL, Salazar V, Fox JM, Julander JG, Tang WW, Shresta S, Pierson TC, Ciaramella G, Diamond MS. Modified mRNA Vaccines Protect against Zika Virus Infection. Cell. 2017 Mar 9;168(6):1114-1125.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.017. Epub 2017 Feb 17. Erratum in: Cell. 2017 Mar 23;169(1):176. PMID: 28222903; PMCID: PMC5388441.
Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Pelc RS, Muramatsu H, Andersen H, DeMaso CR, Dowd KA, Sutherland LL, Scearce RM, Parks R, Wagner W, Granados A, Greenhouse J, Walker M, Willis E, Yu JS, McGee CE, Sempowski GD, Mui BL, Tam YK, Huang YJ, Vanlandingham D, Holmes VM, Balachandran H, Sahu S, Lifton M, Higgs S, Hensley SE, Madden TD, Hope MJ, Karikó K, Santra S, Graham BS, Lewis MG, Pierson TC, Haynes BF, Weissman D. Zika virus protection by a single low-dose nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccination. Nature. 2017 Mar 9;543(7644):248-251. doi: 10.1038/nature21428. Epub 2017 Feb 2. PMID: 28151488; PMCID: PMC5344708.
Clinical Trials Arena - Moderna initiates Phase III trial of cytomegalovirus vaccine candidate, 2021 Oct, available from: https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/news/moderna-trial-cytomegalovirus-vaccine/
John S, Yuzhakov O, Woods A, Deterling J, Hassett K, Shaw CA, Ciaramella G. Multi-antigenic human cytomegalovirus mRNA vaccines that elicit potent humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Vaccine. 2018 Mar 14;36(12):1689-1699. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.029. Epub 2018 Feb 15. PMID: 29456015.
Leal L, Guardo AC, Morón-López S, Salgado M, Mothe B, Heirman C, Pannus P, Vanham G, van den Ham HJ, Gruters R, Andeweg A, Van Meirvenne S, Pich J, Arnaiz JA, Gatell JM, Brander C, Thielemans K, Martínez-Picado J, Plana M, García F; iHIVARNA consortium. Phase I clinical trial of an intranodally administered mRNA-based therapeutic vaccine against HIV-1 infection. AIDS. 2018 Nov 13;32(17):2533-2545. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002026. Erratum in: AIDS. 2019 Oct 1;33(12):1957. PMID: 30289805; PMCID: PMC6221380.
Parkins K (Clinical Trials Arena), Hunting the holy grail: the marred history of HIV vaccine trials, 2021 Sep, available from: https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/analysis/hunting-the-holy-grail-the-history-of-hiv-vaccine-trials/
Duan H, Chen X, Boyington JC, Cheng C, Zhang Y, Jafari AJ, Stephens T, Tsybovsky Y, Kalyuzhniy O, Zhao P, Menis S, Nason MC, Normandin E, Mukhamedova M, DeKosky BJ, Wells L, Schief WR, Tian M, Alt FW, Kwong PD, Mascola JR. Glycan Masking Focuses Immune Responses to the HIV-1 CD4-Binding Site and Enhances Elicitation of VRC01-Class Precursor Antibodies. Immunity. 2018 Aug 21;49(2):301-311.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.07.005. Epub 2018 Jul 31. PMID: 30076101; PMCID: PMC6896779.
Parkins K (Clinical Trials Arena), Moderna set to start human trials of experimental mRNA HIV vaccine, 2021 Aug, available from: https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/news/moderna-hiv-vaccine/
Armbruster N, Jasny E, Petsch B. Advances in RNA Vaccines for Preventive Indications: A Case Study of A Vaccine Against Rabies. Vaccines (Basel). 2019 Sep 27;7(4):132. doi: 10.3390/vaccines7040132. PMID: 31569785; PMCID: PMC6963972.
Aldrich C, Leroux-Roels I, Huang KB, Bica MA, Loeliger E, Schoenborn-Kellenberger O, Walz L, Leroux-Roels G, von Sonnenburg F, Oostvogels L. Proof-of-concept of a low-dose unmodified mRNA-based rabies vaccine formulated with lipid nanoparticles in human volunteers: A phase 1 trial. Vaccine. 2021 Feb 22;39(8):1310-1318. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.070. Epub 2021 Jan 22. PMID: 33487468; PMCID: PMC7825876.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Barbara Rusinowska, Balbina Tybulczuk, Małgorzata Satora, Magdalena Kozioł, Katarzyna Sikora

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 449
Number of citations: 0