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Journal of Education, Health and Sport

Analysis of football referees injuries - literature review
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  3. Vol. 12 No. 6 (2022) /
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Analysis of football referees injuries - literature review

Authors

  • Aleksandra Mańko Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4202-1665

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.06.015

Keywords

football, soccer, referees, injury prevalence, musculoskeletal complaints

Abstract

Introduction and purpose: According to the literature, injuries are defined as the result of the action of significant energy, causing dysfunction and anatomical-physiological changes. In the case of football referees, sports injuries occur during physical exertion in the form of matches and training sessions. As a result, various injuries occur, both on the pitch and during arduous training. They often take place as the aftermath of summed micro-injuries. Properly early detection and analysis of these signals helps to heal the damage and to avoid a longer break from activity, which would inevitably result in a serious injury. The aim of this study is to analyze the most common injuries and their risk factors in football referees on the basis of the current literature.

Description of the state of knowledge: 9 research papers from the last twelve years (2009-2021) containing the above-mentioned keywords have been qualified for this review. Based on the above works, it is possible to determine when and how often injuries occur among referees, and what areas of the body are injured. Due to the multifactorial etiology of injuries and heterogeneous diagnostic systems, which would constitute a standardized research tool, it is difficult to say unequivocally what is the greatest cause of an injury.

Conclusions: 1) Injuries among referees at different levels of the game occur more often due to the match load than the training load. 2) Muscle injuries were the most common, but there was no indication of a tendency towards the exact location of the injury, which requires further research.

References

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Arnason A, Sigurdsson SB, Gudmundsson A, Holme I, Engebretsen L, Bahr R. Risk Factors for Injuries in Football. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 2004; 32, no.1, suppl, 5s-16s.

Bizzini M, Junge A, Bahr R, Dvorak J. Female soccer referees selected for the FIFA Women’s World Cup 2007: survey of injuries musculoskeletal problems. Br J Sports Med 2009;43:936–942, doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.051318.

Bizzini M, Junge A, Bahr R, Dvorak J. Injuries and Musculoskeletal Complaints in Referees—A Complete Survey in the Top Divisions of the Swiss Football League. Clin J Sport Med Volume 19, Number 2, March 2009.

Bizzini M, Junge A, Bahr R, Dvorak J. Injuries of football referees: a representative survey of Swiss referees officiating at all levels of play. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011: 21: 42–47, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01003.x

Gabrilo G, Ostojic M, Idrizovic K, Novosel B, Sekulic D. A retrospective survey on injuries in Croatian football/soccer referees. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2013, 14:88.

Gawroński W. Sportowo-lekarska profilaktyka zmian przeciążeniowych narządu ruchu u sportowców. W: Medicina Sportiva. Suplement, 2008 13:51-54.

Gawroński W. Wprowadzenie do rehabilitacji sportowej. W: Medycyna sportowa. Pod. red. Jagier A., Nazar K. Dziaka A. Warszawa 2005 s. 663.

Kordi R, Chitsaz A, Rostami M, Mostafavi R, Ghadimi M. Incidence, Nature, and Pattern of Injuries to Referees in a Premier Football (Soccer) League. Sports Health. 2013 Sep; 5(5): 438–441. doi: 10.1177/1941738113481428.

Mohtasham HM, Shahrbanian S, Khoshroo F. Epidemiology and history of knee injury and its impact on activity limitation among football premier league professional referees. J Inj Violence Res. 2018 Jan; 10(1): 45-52. doi: 10.5249/ jivr.v10i1.963.

Szymski D, Opitz S, Pfeifer C, Rupp M, Angele P, Alt V, Krutsch W, Krutsch V. High injury rates and weak injury prevention strategies in football referees at all levels of play. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2021;00:1–11, DOI: 10.1111/sms.14083.

The International Football Association Board. Laws of the Game 2021/2022. Zurich, 2021.

Wiecheć M. Rola fizjoterapeuty w zespole medycznym zawodnika. W: Fizjoterapia sportowa. Skuteczna diagnostyka, terapii i powrót do sportu. Forum Media Polska, Poznań, 2018.

Wilson F, Gissane C, Byrne A. A prospective study of injuries in elite soccer referees and assistant referees. Br J Sports Med 2011 45: 383-384, doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2011.084038.209.

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Published

2022-06-16

How to Cite

1.
MAŃKO, Aleksandra. Analysis of football referees injuries - literature review. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. Online. 16 June 2022. Vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 149-157. [Accessed 6 July 2025]. DOI 10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.06.015.
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Issue

Vol. 12 No. 6 (2022)

Section

Review Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2022 Aleksandra Mańko

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0

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