Epidemiology of myopia and the effect of orthokeratology on controlling the disease
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.03.002Keywords
orthokeratology, myopia, myopia control, contact lensesAbstract
Introduction and objective
Myopia is a defect of vision, which makes it impossible to see remote objects clearly. The disease can also lead to serious ocular problems. Myopia affects about 30% of the world population and -according to the estimates- that percentage is about to increase up to 50% within the next 30 years. Orthokeratology is a relatively new method on non-surgical, reversible correction of myopia. Specially designed lenses, worn at night, affects the shape of the cornea, which results in proper vision during the day.
Review methods
The aim of the study was evaluation of effectiveness of wearing orthokeratology contact lenses based on a review of medical literature published on PubMed in the last 5 years.
Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge
Research results show that wearing orthokeratology lenses have beneficial effects. Reduction of axial length of the eyeball and curvature of the cornea were observed. Progression of myopia was five times slower in children study group and three times slower in adult study group compared to control groups. It was proved, that favourable health effects persist through the first eight years of treatment. Due to the fact, that cornea has a limited susceptibility, a decrease in efficiency occurs in the following years. Usually no undesirable side effects are reported, yet the possible side effects are mild and disappear after a short time.
Summary
According to the results of recent studies, we can assume that orthokeratology is a safe and effective method of inhibition of myopia progression. The method may be especially recommended to children, to people working in such conditions, that make wearing standard contact lenses impossible and to people not qualified for laser or surgical vision correction.
References
Percival SP. Redefinition of high myopia: the relationship of axial length measurement to myopic pathology an its relevance to cataract surgery. DeV Ophthalomol. 1987; 14: 42-46. https://doi.org/10.1159/000414364
Wu PC, Huang HM, Yu HJ, et al. Epidemiology of Myopia, Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2016 Nov/Dec; 5(6): 386-393. https://doi.org/10.1097/apo.0000000000000236
Orr J, Wolffsohn J. We are being myopic about myopia control, Contact Lens and Anterior Eye, 2016; 39(2): 85–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2016.02.010
The impact of myopia and high myopia, Report of the Joint World Health Organization–Brien Holden Vision Institute Global Scientific Meeting on Myopia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 16–18 March 2015, World Health Organisation 2017 https://www.who.int/blindness/causes/MyopiaReportforWeb.pdf (access 2021.07.26)
Xiang Z, Zou H. Recent Epidemiology Study Data of Myopia. J Ophthalmol. 2020: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4395278
Dolgin E. The myopia boom. Nature. 2015; 19;519(7543): 276-278 https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4395278519276a
Czepita M, Czepita D, Lubiński W. The Influence of Environmental Factors on the Prevalence of Myopia in Poland. J Ophthalmol. 2017;2017:5983406. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4395278983406
Pellegrini M, Bernabei F, Scorcia V, et al. May home confinement during the COVID-19 outbreak worsen the global burden of myopia? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020; 258(9): 2069-2070 https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4395278417-020-04728-2
Wong C, Tsai A, Jonas J, et al. Digital Screen Time During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk for a Further Myopia Boom? Am J Ophthalmol. 2021; 223: 333-337 https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/439527820.07.034
Tan NW, Sam SM, Lam DS., et al. Temporal variations in myopia progression in Singaporean children within an academic year. Optom Vis Sci. 2000; 77; 465-472. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/439527800-00007
Sankaridurg P. Contact lenses to slow progression of myopia. Clinical and experimental optometry. 2017; 100(5): 432-437 https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4395278
Vagge A, Ferro Desideri L, Nucci P, et al. Prevention of Progression in Myopia: A Systematic Review. Diseases. 2018; 6(4): 92. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4395278
Nichols JJ, Marsich MM, Nguyen M, et al. Overnight orthokeratology. Optom Vis Sci. 2000; 77(5): 252-259. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4395278
Na M, Yoo A. The effect of orthokeratology on axial length elongation in children with myopia: Contralateral comparison study. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2018; 62(3): 327-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0573-x
Cheng HC, Liang JB, Lin WP, et al. Effectiveness and safety of overnight orthokeratology with Boston XO2 high-permeability lens material: A 24 week follow-up study. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2016; 39(1): 67-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0573-x
Lee YC, Wang JH, Chiu CJ. Effect of Orthokeratology on myopia progression: twelve-year results of a retrospective cohort study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2017; 17(1): 243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0573-x
Walline JJ. Myopia Control: A Review. Eye Contact Lens. 2016; 42(1): 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0573-x
Tay SA, Farzavandi S, Tan D. Interventions to Reduce Myopia Progression in Children. Strabismus. 2017; 25(1): 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0573-x
Liu YM, Xie P. The Safety of Orthokeratology—A Systematic Review. Eye Contact Lens. 2016; 42(1): 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0573-x
Bullimore M, Johnson L. Overnight orthokeratology. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2020; 43(4): 322-332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0573-x
Ribeiro Reis A, Palmowski-Wolfe A, Beuschel R. Slowing Down Myopia Progression with Contact Lenses - Everyday Cases from the Clinic. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2021; 238(4): 437-442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0573-x
Cho P, Qi T. Myopia and orthokeratology for myopia control. Clinical and experimental optometry, 2019; 102(4): 364-377. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12839
Lam AK, Leung SY, Hon Y, et al. Influence of Short-Term Orthokeratology to Corneal Tangent Modulus: A Randomized Study. Curr Eye Res. 2018; 43(4): 474-481. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12839
The College of Optometrists. Clinical Management Guidelines. Microbial keratitis (bacterial, fungal). https://www.college-optometrists.org/guidance/clinical-management-guidelines/microbial-keratitis-bacterial-fungal-.html (access 2021.09.21)
Watt K, Swarbick H. Microbial Keratitis in Overnight Orthokeratology: Review of the First 50 Cases. Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice. 2005; 31(5): 201-208. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.icl.0000179705.23313.7e
Villa-Collar C, Carracedo G, Chen Z, Gonzalez-Méijome J. Overnight Orthokeratology: Technology, Efficiency, Safety, and Myopia Control. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2019; 2607429. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.icl.0000179705.23313.7e
Nelson LB, Orthokeratology Treatment in Pediatric Myopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2017; 54(3): 141. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.icl.0000179705.23313.7e
Percival SP. Redefinition of high myopia: the relationship of axial length measurement to myopic pathology an its relevance to cataract surgery. DeV Ophthalomol. 1987; 14: 42-46. https://doi.org/10.1159/000414364
Wu PC, Huang HM, Yu HJ, et al. Epidemiology of Myopia, Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2016 Nov/Dec; 5(6): 386-393. https://doi.org/10.1097/apo.0000000000000236
Orr J, Wolffsohn J. We are being myopic about myopia control, Contact Lens and Anterior Eye, 2016; 39(2): 85–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2016.02.010
The impact of myopia and high myopia, Report of the Joint World Health Organization–Brien Holden Vision Institute Global Scientific Meeting on Myopia, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 16–18 March 2015, World Health Organisation 2017 https://www.who.int/blindness/causes/MyopiaReportforWeb.pdf (access 2021.07.26)
Xiang Z, Zou H. Recent Epidemiology Study Data of Myopia. J Ophthalmol. 2020: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4395278
Dolgin E. The myopia boom. Nature. 2015; 19;519(7543): 276-278 https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4395278519276a
Czepita M, Czepita D, Lubiński W. The Influence of Environmental Factors on the Prevalence of Myopia in Poland. J Ophthalmol. 2017;2017:5983406. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4395278983406
Pellegrini M, Bernabei F, Scorcia V, et al. May home confinement during the COVID-19 outbreak worsen the global burden of myopia? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020; 258(9): 2069-2070 https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4395278417-020-04728-2
Wong C, Tsai A, Jonas J, et al. Digital Screen Time During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk for a Further Myopia Boom? Am J Ophthalmol. 2021; 223: 333-337 https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/439527820.07.034
Tan NW, Sam SM, Lam DS., et al. Temporal variations in myopia progression in Singaporean children within an academic year. Optom Vis Sci. 2000; 77; 465-472. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/439527800-00007
Sankaridurg P. Contact lenses to slow progression of myopia. Clinical and experimental optometry. 2017; 100(5): 432-437 https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4395278
Vagge A, Ferro Desideri L, Nucci P, et al. Prevention of Progression in Myopia: A Systematic Review. Diseases. 2018; 6(4): 92. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4395278
Nichols JJ, Marsich MM, Nguyen M, et al. Overnight orthokeratology. Optom Vis Sci. 2000; 77(5): 252-259. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4395278
Na M, Yoo A. The effect of orthokeratology on axial length elongation in children with myopia: Contralateral comparison study. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2018; 62(3): 327-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0573-x
Cheng HC, Liang JB, Lin WP, et al. Effectiveness and safety of overnight orthokeratology with Boston XO2 high-permeability lens material: A 24 week follow-up study. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2016; 39(1): 67-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0573-x
Lee YC, Wang JH, Chiu CJ. Effect of Orthokeratology on myopia progression: twelve-year results of a retrospective cohort study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2017; 17(1): 243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0573-x
Walline JJ. Myopia Control: A Review. Eye Contact Lens. 2016; 42(1): 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0573-x
Tay SA, Farzavandi S, Tan D. Interventions to Reduce Myopia Progression in Children. Strabismus. 2017; 25(1): 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0573-x
Liu YM, Xie P. The Safety of Orthokeratology—A Systematic Review. Eye Contact Lens. 2016; 42(1): 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0573-x
Bullimore M, Johnson L. Overnight orthokeratology. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2020; 43(4): 322-332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0573-x
Ribeiro Reis A, Palmowski-Wolfe A, Beuschel R. Slowing Down Myopia Progression with Contact Lenses - Everyday Cases from the Clinic. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2021; 238(4): 437-442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0573-x
Cho P, Qi T. Myopia and orthokeratology for myopia control. Clinical and experimental optometry, 2019; 102(4): 364-377. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12839
Lam AK, Leung SY, Hon Y, et al. Influence of Short-Term Orthokeratology to Corneal Tangent Modulus: A Randomized Study. Curr Eye Res. 2018; 43(4): 474-481. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12839
The College of Optometrists. Clinical Management Guidelines. Microbial keratitis (bacterial, fungal). https://www.college-optometrists.org/guidance/clinical-management-guidelines/microbial-keratitis-bacterial-fungal-.html (access 2021.09.21)
Watt K, Swarbick H. Microbial Keratitis in Overnight Orthokeratology: Review of the First 50 Cases. Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice. 2005; 31(5): 201-208. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.icl.0000179705.23313.7e
Villa-Collar C, Carracedo G, Chen Z, Gonzalez-Méijome J. Overnight Orthokeratology: Technology, Efficiency, Safety, and Myopia Control. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2019; 2607429. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.icl.0000179705.23313.7e
Nelson LB, Orthokeratology Treatment in Pediatric Myopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2017; 54(3): 141. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.icl.0000179705.23313.7e
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