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Journal of Education, Health and Sport

Epistaxis etiology and treatment
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Epistaxis etiology and treatment

Authors

  • Marcin Kożuchowski Department of Physiology of Physical Effort and Functional Anatomy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń,
  • Monika Prylińska Department of Physiology of Physical Effort and Functional Anatomy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń,

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.09.091

Keywords

Epistaxis, Epistaxis treatment, Epistaxis etiology, Epistaxis management

Abstract

Epistaxis occurs in approximately 60% of the general population. Every tenth
person requires treatment in a hospital setting. Epistaxis occurs in all age groups,
reaching its peak in children around 10 years of age and in adults around 80
years of age. The frequency and intensity of epistaxis are anatomically based on
numerous vascular connections. The cause of epistaxis in most cases can be
determined on the basis of a detailed history and physical examination. There
are a number of treatments available for nose bleeds. From widely available
methods such as nasal tamponade to more advanced endovascular procedures.

References

A.Reyre, J. Michel, L. Santini, P. Dessib, V. Vidala, J.-M.Bartolia, G. Moulina, A. Varoquauxa, Epistaxis: The role of arterial embolization Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, Volume 96, Issues 7–8, July–August 2015, Pages 757-773.

Corry J. Kucik, Timothy Clenney, Management of Epistaxis, Am Fam Physician. 2005 Jan 15;71(2):305-311.

David E Tunkel , Samantha Anne , Spencer C Payne , Stacey L Ishman, Clinical Practice Guideline: Nosebleed (Epistaxis), Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2020 Jan;162(1_suppl):S1-S38.

Desiderio Passali , Valerio Damiani, Francesco Maria Passali, Maria Angela Tosca, Gaetano Motta , Giorgio Ciprandi, An International Survey on the pragmatic management of epistaxis, Acta Biomed, 2020 Feb 17;91(1-S):5-10.

G. Meccariello, C. Georgalas, F. Montevecchi, G. Cammaroto, R. Gobbi, E. Firinu, A. De Vito, And C. Vicini, Management of idiopathic epistaxis in adults: what’s new?, Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2019 Aug; 39(4): 211–219.

Gerald W McGarry, Recurrent epistaxis in children, BMJ Clin Evid. 2013; 0311.

Hasan Emre Koçak, Zeki Tolga Bilece, Mehmet Keskin, Hüseyin Avni Ulusoy, Arzu Karaman Koç, Kamil Hakan Kaya, Comparison of topical treatment methods used in recurrent anterior epistaxis: a randomized clinical trial, Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Volume 87, Issue 2, March–April 2021, Pages 132-136.

Hayoung Byun , Jae Ho Chung , Seung Hwan Lee , Jiin Ryu, Changsun Kim, Jeong-Hun Shin, Association of Hypertension With the Risk and Severity of Epistaxis, JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2020 Sep 10;147(1):1-7.

Jason P. Womack, Md; Jill Kropa, Md; And Marissa Jimenez Stabile, Do, Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Epistaxis: Outpatient Management, Am Fam Physician. 2018 Aug 15;98(4):240-245.

Joan C Wojak, Endovascular Treatment of Epistaxis, Semin Intervent Radiol, 2020 Jun;37(2):150-156.

Jonathan Joseph, Pablo Martinez‐Devesa, Jenny Bellorini, Martin J Burton, and Cochrane ENT Group, Tranexamic acid for patients with nasal haemorrhage (epistaxis), Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Dec; 2018(12).

Mohamad R. Chaaban, Dong Zhang, Vicente Resto, and James S. Goodwin, Factors influencing recurrent emergency department visits for epistaxis in the elderly, Auris Nasus Larynx. 2018 Aug; 45(4): 760–764.

Rafael Beck, Martin Sorge, Antonius Schneider, Andreas Dietz, Current Approaches to Epistaxis Treatment in Primary and Secondary Care, Dtsch Arztebl Int, 2018 Jan 8;115(1-02):12-22.

Rajeev Kumar, MS, DNB, Kapil Sikka, MS, DNB, Rakesh Kumar, MS, Priti Chatterjee, MD, Nephrogenic epistaxis, Singapore Med J 2014; 55(7): e112-e113.

Stephanie Yau, An update on epistaxis, Volume 44, No.9, September 2015 Pages 653-656.

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Published

2021-09-29

How to Cite

1.
KOŻUCHOWSKI, Marcin and PRYLIŃSKA, Monika. Epistaxis etiology and treatment. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. Online. 29 September 2021. Vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 755-760. [Accessed 28 June 2025]. DOI 10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.09.091.
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Issue

Vol. 11 No. 9 (2021)

Section

Review Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2021 Marcin Kożuchowski, Monika Prylińska

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0

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