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Journal of Education, Health and Sport

The number of passively smoked cigarettes and the risk of lung cancer among the inhabitants of the Świętokrzyskie Region (2010-2018)
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  3. Vol. 11 No. 9 (2021) /
  4. Research Articles

The number of passively smoked cigarettes and the risk of lung cancer among the inhabitants of the Świętokrzyskie Region (2010-2018)

Authors

  • Robert Chudzik Chair and Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6444-2455
  • Paweł Rybojad Chair and Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Poland Department of Thoracic Surgery, Holy Cross Cancer Centre in Kielce, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4333-8979

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.09.043

Keywords

Lung cancer, Air pollution, PM, NO2

Abstract

Air purity is one of the factors affecting human health. Over the years, numerous scientific reports have provided us with evidence of the effects of air pollution on health. Along with the increase in pollution, the risk of respiratory and circulatory diseases in particular increases. The main pollutants are Airborne particulate matters (PM) which, depending on the size, vary between 2.5 and 10. Their presence is mainly related to the burning of fossil fuels. Another significant air pollutant is NO2, mainly related to road transport. It is believed that the long term exposure to NO2 could increase inflammation. The negative effect of air pollution is also associated with an increased frequency of strokes, exacerbations of mental illnesses and also with diseases of the digestive system.

We analyzed the data available in the Polish National Cancer Registry (PNCR), Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection and Air Quality Guidelines, We checked air pollution by the means of  PM2.5 , PM10 and NO2 and thanks to mathematical equation delivered by Saskia C. van der Zee converted them into number of  passively smoked cigarettes. Above data we compared to lung cancer morbidity in Świętokrzyskie Region.

Based on the latest published data, we can infer that in 2010-2018 each citizen of Świętokrzyskie Region smoked average 9,8 cigarettes a day +/- 2,3. The incidence of lung cancer is more or less the same number with a slight upward trend. After 61 years everyone in the exanimated region had 30 package-years of passive smoking and high risk of lung cancer.

Air quality in Poland is not rewarding, exceeding WHO Guidelines 2005 recommendations translates into an increased risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

References

World Health Organization Ambient (Outdoor) Air Pollution. [(accessed on 01 September 2021)]; Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health.

Wojciechowska Urszula, Didkowska Joanna. Morbidity and mortality from malignant tumors in Poland. National Cancer Registry,– The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute — Oncology Center. Available at http://onkologia.org.pl/raporty/ access from 01/09/2021

World cancer report / edited by Bernard W. Stewart and Christopher P. Wild, 2014 ISBN 978–92–832–0443–5

WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. World Health Organization 2006

American Lung Association www.lung.org access from 01/09/2021

World cancer report / edit ed by Bernard W. St ewart and Christopher P. Wild, 2014 ISBN 9 78-92-832-0443-5

REGULATION OF THE MINISTER OF THE ENVIRONMENT of August 24, 2012 on the levels of certain substances in the air

Database Main Inspectorate of Environmental Protection http://powietrze.gios.gov.pl/pjp/archive

Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe

van der Zee SC, Fischer PH, Hoek G. Air pollution in perspective: Health risks of air pollution expressed in equivalent numbers of passively smoked cigarettes. Environ Res. 2016 Jul;148:475–483. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.001. Epub 2016 Apr 30. PubMed PMID: 27136673.

Szyszkowicz M, Kousha T, Castner J, Dales R. Air pollution and emergency department visits for respiratory diseases: A multi-city case crossover study. Environ Res. 2018 May;163:263-269. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.043. Epub 2018 Feb 22. PMID: 29459308.

Bade BC, Dela Cruz CS. Lung Cancer 2020: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention. Clin Chest Med. 2020 Mar;41(1):1-24. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2019.10.001. PMID: 32008623.

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Published

2021-09-21

How to Cite

1.
CHUDZIK, Robert & RYBOJAD, Paweł. The number of passively smoked cigarettes and the risk of lung cancer among the inhabitants of the Świętokrzyskie Region (2010-2018). Journal of Education, Health and Sport [online]. 21 September 2021, T. 11, nr 9, s. 344–350. [accessed 29.3.2023]. DOI 10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.09.043.
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Issue

Vol. 11 No. 9 (2021)

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Research Articles

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

The periodical offers access to content in the Open Access system under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0

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