Geopolitics of the Arctic: History, Theory, and Contemporary Dimension

Abstract

The article focuses on the geopolitical significance of the Arctic, whose importance has grown due to climate change enabling access to new maritime routes and abundant natural resources. The aim of the study is to analyze historical and contemporary geopolitical theories related to the region and to assess the impact of international rivalry on its future. The text discusses the evolution of the Arctic’s perception, from a marginal area in Halford Mackinder’s doctrines to strategic analyses by George Renner and Alexander de Seversky. The modern importance of the Arctic stems from its role as a source of oil, gas and minerals, as well as emerging transport routes, which has led to competition among key players such as Russia, the USA, Canada, Norway, Denmark and China. At the same time, intense economic and military activities in the region pose significant challenges to its fragile ecosystem, necessitating international cooperation. The Arctic, as an arena of tensions and collaboration, reflects contemporary global conflicts between environmental protection and the economic ambitions of nations, with its future depending on the ability to balance these contradictions.