Analogies and correlations between the Religion of Akhenaton and Yahwism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/BPTh.2022.013Keywords
Akhenaten, Hebrews, Yahwism, Atenism, monotheism, monolatryAbstract
The religion of Pharaoh Akhenaten (14th century BC) – Atenism – arousesgreat interest among scholars. The main reason for this interest is its similarity to Yahwismand the influence of one religion on the other. However, experts are very divideddespite numerous publications on this subject, and the issue remains unresolved. Inthis article I have examined the main topics concerning the figure of Akhenaten andthe characteristics of Atenism that may be compared in a special way to the religionof the Hebrews. In my analysis, I have tried to show that there are many similaritiesbetween the two religions. By holding together the analogies that are present and thetemporal and geographical convergences, I have expressed the opinion that it is possibleto speak of the influence of Akhenaten’s religion upon the development of Yahwism.
References
Aldred C., Egyptian Art in the Days of the Pharaohs 3100–320 BC, New York 1986.
Allen J.P., „Akhenaton”, Encyclopedia of Religion. Second Edition, L. Jones (red.), t. I, Detroit 2005, s. 217–221.
Andrzejewski T., Dusze boga Re: wśród egipskich świętych ksiąg, Warszawa 1967.
Assmann J., „Akhanyati’s Theology of Light and Time”, Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities VII, 4, Jerusalem 1992, s. 143–176.
Assmann J., Moses the Egyptian. The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism, London 1997.
Assmann J., „Monoteismo dell’antico Egitto”, Il Mondo della Bibbia, 47(1999), s. 13–16.
Assmann J., Of God and Gods: Egypt, Israel, and the Rise of Monotheism, Madison 2008.
Assmann J., From Akhenaten to Moses: Ancient Egypt and religious change, Cairo 2014.
Auffret P., Hymnes d’Égypte et d’Israël: Études de structures littéraires (Orbis Bibliques et Orientalis 34), Zurich 1981.
Berbrier M.L., „Smenkhkare”, Historical Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. Second Edition (Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras 22), Lanham 2008, s. 221.
Bocian J., „Apostata, heretyk, prorok czy mędrzec?”, NURT SVD 1(2019), s. 221–235.
Breasted J.H., De Hymnis in Solem sum Rege Amenophide IV Conceptis: Dissertatio Inauguralis Philologica, Berlin 1984.
Breasted J.H., A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, New York 1905.
Brixhe J., „Akhenaton mangeait-il ses chiens?”, Centre de recherches sur la Bible latine 125(2014), s. 5–6.
Brunner H., „Testi egizi”, w: Testi religiosi per lo studio dell’Antico Testamento (Antico Testamento, Supplementi 1), W. Bayerlin (red.), Brescia 1992, s. 25–98.
Bunson M.R., „Akhenaten”, w: Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Revised Edition, New York 2002, s. 18–19.
Bright J., Historia Izraela, Warszawa 1994.
Cannuyer Ch., „Questions sur la religion du d’Akhenaton et son pretendu ‘monotheisme’”, w: D’Égypte et de Bible. Mélange de science religieuse 2 (avril–juin 2002), s. 23–82.
Chandler T., „Ikhnaton and Moses”, PJAS 19(1962), s. 127–139.
Chmiel J., „Bog jest światłością (godzina biblijna na temat 1J 1,5–7)”, Ruch Biblijny i Liturgiczny 22(4–5/1969), s. 277–278.
Day J., „Psalm 104 and Akhenaten’s to the Sun”, w: Jewish and Christian Approaches to the Psalms: Conflict and Convergence, S. Gilingham (red.), Oxford 2013, s. 211–228.
Day J., Psalms (Old Testament Guides), Sheffield 1990.
de G. Davies N., The Rock Tombs of el Amarna, London 1908.
de Vaux R., Genese, Paris 1962.
Deffosez M., „Luce”, w: Dizionario Enciclopedico della Bibbia, G. Vitale (red.), Roma 1987, s. 783–784.
Dijkstra M., „I Have Blessed You by YHWH of Samaria and his Asherah: Texts with Religious Elements from the Soil Archive of Ancient Israel”, w: Only One God. Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah, B. Becking et alli (red.) (The Biblical Seminary 77), London–New York 2001, s. 17–44.
Dobbs-Allsopp F.W., „Poetry of the Psalms” w: The Oxford Handbooks The Psalms, W.P. Brown (red.), Oxford 2014, s. 79–98.
Dodson A., Amarna Sunrise: Egypt from Golden age to age of Heresy, Cairo 2014.
Drozdek A., Greccy filozofowie jako teolodzy, Warszawa 2011.
Erman A., Die Religion der Ägypter, Berlin 1934.
Freud S., Moses and Monotheism, London 1939.
Gabolde M., D’Akhenaton a Toutânkhamon (Collection de l’Institut d’Archeologie et d’Histoire de l’Antiquite 3. Lyon: Universite Lumiere–Lyon 2, Institut d’Archeologie et d’Histoire de l’Antiquite), Lyon–Paris 1998.
Garrido Ramos B., „Akhenaton: la revolucion de Amarna”, ArtyHum Revista Digital de Artes y Humanidades 13(2015), s. 96–106.
Ghikas E., Akhenaton e la nascita del monoteismo, Roma 2016.
Goldingay J., Psalms 90–150 (Baker Commentary on the Old Testament Wisdoms and Psalms), Grand Rapid 2008.
Goldwasser O., „The Essence of Amarna Monotheism” w: Festschrift für Friedrig Junge, H. Sternberg, G. Moers (red.), Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologi, Göttingen 2006, s. 267–279.
Hoffmeier J.K. „The Great Hymn of Aten. The Ultimate Expression of Atenism?”, Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 42(2015–16), s. 43–55.
Hoffmeier J.K., Akhenaten and the Origins of Monotheism, Oxford and New York 2015.
Hornung E., Conception of God in Ancient Egypt. The One and the Many, Ithaca–New York 1982.
Hornung E., Akhenaten and the Religion of Light, Ithaca 1999.
Hossfeld F.L., Zenger E., Psalmen 101–150 (HThK.AT), Freirburg 2008.
Jacq Ch., Nefertiti y Akenatón. La pareja solar, Barcelona 1992.
Jędraszek S., „Eksluzywizm w religii Echnatona?”, Przegląd Religioznawczy 278(4/2020), s. 14–28.
Jeremias J., „ᾅδης” w: TDNT, t. I, s. 146–149.
Kuiper K., Ancient Egypt: From Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest, New York 2011.
Laboury D., Akhenaton and Ancient Egypt in the Amarna Era, Cambridge 2017.
Lancelotti A., Salmi. Versione. Introduzione. Note di Angelo Lancelotti. Libro IV: 90–106; Libro V: 107–150 (Nuovissima versione della Bibbia dai testi originali 18), Roma 1890.
Lemaire A., „La comparsa del monoteismo in Israele prima dell’esilio”, Il Mondo della Bibbia, 47(1999), s. 19–25.
Lemche N.P., „Ḫabiru/Ḫapiru”, w: ABD, t. III, s. 6–10.
Lemon J.M., „Egipt i Egipcjanie”, w: Sąsiedzi starożytnego Izraela (Podręczniki biblijne 3), B.T. Arnold, B.A. Strawn (red.), Warszawa 2021, s. 224–255.
Lichthein M., Ancient Egyptian Literature: The New Kingdom, t. II, Berkley–Los Angeles–London 1976.
Lofhink N., „Per un storia della discussione sul monoteismo nell’Israele antico”, w: Dio l’unico. Sulla Nascita del monoteismo in Israele (Qestiones disputatae), Brescia 1991, s. 7–22.
Mędala S., „Monoteizm Abrahama – wybor czy objawienie?”, w: Studio lectionem facere, S. Łach, J. Szlaga (red.), Lublin 1980, s. 52–58.
Montserrat D., Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt, London–New York 2000.
Murnane W.J., Texts from the Amarna Period in Egypt (SBL Writings from the Ancient World 5), Atlanta 1995.
Niccacci A., „La lode del creatore. L’inno egiziano di Aton e la tradizione biblica”, Bogoslovska Smotra 64(1994), s. 137–159.
Niccacci A., „La teologia sapienziale nel quadro dell’Antico Testamento. A proposito di alcuni studi recenti”, RivBiblIt 21(1973), s. 413–427.
Pakkala J., Intolerant Monolatry in the Deuteronomistic History (Publications of the Finish Exegetical Society 76), Helsinki 1999.
Pearson B.A., „Melchizedek”, w: ABD, t. IV, s. 688.
Pernigotti S., „La concezione di Dioe degli dei nella religione egiziana”, Credere Oggi 129(3/2002), s. 69–78.
Ravasi G., Il libro dei Salmi. Commento e attualizzazione. Salmi 101–150 (Lettura pastorale della Bibbia 18) t. III, Bologna 1984.
Redford D.B., „Akhenaten”, w: ABD, t. I, s. 135–137.
Redford D.B., „The Monotheism of Akhenaten”, w: Aspects of Monotheism. How God is One. Symposium at the Smithsonian Institution. Sponsored by the Resident Associate Program. October 19, 1996, H. Shanks, J. Meinhardt (red.), Washington 2012, s. 167–168, 14–35.
Redford D.B., Akhenaten: The Heretic King, Princeton 1984.
Ridley R.T., Akhenaten: A Historian’s View, Cairo 2019.
Rose M., „Names of God in the OT”, w: ABD, t. IV, s. 1001–1011.
Romer T., „Le probleme du monotheisme biblique”, RB 124(2017), s. 12–25.
Rubinkiewicz R., „Troska Narodu wybranego o kulturę”, w: Życie społeczne w Biblii, G. Witaszek (red), Lublin 1997, s. 159–174.
Sandman M., Texts from the Time of Akhenaten, Brussels 1938.
Sarna N.M., „Israel in Egypt. The Egyptian Sojourn and the Exodus”, w: Ancient Israel. From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple, H. Shanks (red.), Washington 1999, s. 33–54.
Schlogl H.A., „Aten”, w: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, D.B. Redford (red.), t. I, Oxford 2001, s. 156–158.
Schlogl H.A., „Aten”, w: Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Revised Edition, New York 2002, s. 58.
Schlogl H.A., Das alte Ägypten, München 2003.
Schmokel H., „Testi mesopotamici”, w: Testi religiosi per lo studio dell’Antico Testamento (Antico Testamento, Suplementi 1), W. Bajerlin (red.), Brescia 1992, s. 105–193.
Schokel L.A., C. Carniti, Salmos II (Salmos 73–150), Traducción, introducciones y comentario, Navarra 1993.
Shupak N., „h’l hb’ mtymn hšmš hmcry: cywn mḥwdš bḥbqwq, 3,3–7”, w: tšwrh lšmw’l, mḥqrym b‘wlm hmqr’, Z. Talshir, S. Yona, D. Sivan (red.), Jerusalem, 2001, s. 409–32.
Simpson W.K. (red.), „The Hymn to the Aten”, w: The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, And Poetry. Third Edition, London 2003, s. 278–283.
Smitch D.M., „Luce”, w: Il dizionario della Bibbia, P.J. Achtemejer (red.), Bologna 2003, s. 503.
Swartz M., „Judaism: An Overview”, Encyclopedia of Religion. Second Edition, L. Jones (red.), t. VII, 2005, s. 4970.
Synowiec J. St., Na początku: wybrane zagadnienia Pięcioksięgu, Warszawa 1987.
Theis C., „Reviewed Work: Echnaton – Tutanchamun. Daten. Fakten. Literatur by Hermann Alexander Schlogl”, Die Welt des Orients 44(1/2014), s. 142–145.
Tosi M., „Aten o Aton”, w: Dizionario Enciclopedico delle Divinita dell’Antico Egitto (Seshat), t. I, Torino 2004, s. 27.
Uehlinger Ch., „Leviathan und die Schiffe in Ps 104,25–26”, Bib 71(1990), s. 499–526.
Witczyk H, „Narodziny I dzieje państwa w dawnym Izraelu”, w: Życie społeczne w Biblii, G. Witaszek (red.), Lublin 1997, s. 69–111.
Wegner J., The Sunshade of Meritaten from the House-of-Uaenra of Akhenaten, Philadelphia 2017.
Weigall A.E.P.B., The Life and Time of Akhenaten Pharaoh of Egypt, London 1910.
Weiser A., I Salmi. Parte seconda: Ps. 61–150 (Antico Testamento 15), Brescia 2002.
Westermann C., Salmi. Generi ed esegesi, Piemme 1990.
Yusa M., „Henotheism”, Encyclopedia of Religion. Second Edition, L. Jones (red.), t. VI, Detroit 2005, s. 3913–3914.
Žabkar L.V., „The Theocracy of Amarna and the Doctrine of the Ba”, JNES 13(1954), s. 87–101.
Zacchi M., Adorare Aten. Testi della corte del faraone Akhenaten, Bologna 2019.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Jacek Waszkowiak

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
CC BY ND 4.0. The Creator/Contributor is the Licensor, who grants the Licensee a non-exclusive license to use the Work on the fields indicated in the License Agreement.
- The Licensor grants the Licensee a non-exclusive license to use the Work/related rights item specified in § 1 within the following fields: a) recording of Work/related rights item; b) reproduction (multiplication) of Work/related rights item in print and digital technology (e-book, audiobook); c) placing the copies of the multiplied Work/related rights item on the market; d) entering the Work/related rights item to computer memory; e) distribution of the work in electronic version in the open access form on the basis of Creative Commons license (CC BY-ND 3.0) via the digital platform of the Nicolaus Copernicus University Press and file repository of the Nicolaus Copernicus University.
- Usage of the recorded Work by the Licensee within the above fields is not restricted by time, numbers or territory.
- The Licensor grants the license for the Work/related rights item to the Licensee free of charge and for an unspecified period of time.
FULL TEXT License Agreement
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 1099
Number of citations: 0