Mosul przede wszystkim… Stosunki brytyjsko-tureckie w latach 1923–1929
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/HiP.2017.002Słowa kluczowe
Turkey, Great Britain, Mosul, Middle East, bilateral relations, interwar periodAbstrakt
Lausanne Peace Treaty did not solve contradictions between Great Britain and Turkey. Political relations between those two countries remained strained. The Kemalists could not forget that London had been the main supporter of Greece during the Liberation War (Kurtuluş Savaşı). On the other hand, the British thought Turkey to be a seasonal state and were alarmed when Kemalists had established a close link with the Soviet Russia. However, the most serious problem was a dispute over the possession of the vilayet of Mosul. The territory of Mosul was held by Turkey until the First World War. In 1918 it was occupied by Britain. In 1920 it was assigned to Iraq, which had become a British mandate. However Kemalists refused to relinquish their claims to the territory of Mosul, which was specified in the National Pact (Misakı Millı) as Turkish one. For that reason the question of Mosul remained in a state of deadlock, even after the Lausanne Treaty had been signed. Bilateral negotiations between Great Britain and Turkey did not solve the problem, and the matter was referred to the League of Nations. In December 1925 the Council of the League of Nations decided that the vilayet of Mosul was an integraf part of Iraq. Finally the dispute over that territory ended in June 1926, when the border treaty between Iraq and Turkey was signed. However the case of Mosul cast a shadow over relations between Angora and London at least until 1929.
Bibliografia
Ali, O. (1992). British Policy and the Kurdish Question in Iraq, 1918–1932 (praca doktorska). Pobrane z: baza ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis.
Austen Chamberlain (1925, 21 stycznia). Letter to Mr. Lindsay. Turkish Proposals for Direct Settlement of the Turco-Irak Frontier Question. The National Archives (Cabinet 24/172): Kew, London.
Barlas, D. (2005). Friends or Foes? Diplomatic Relations between Italy and Turkey, 1923–1936. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2, 441–464.
Barlas, D., Guvenc, S. (2002). To Build a Navy with the Help of Adversary: Italian-Turkish Naval Arms Trade, 1929–1932. Middle Eastern Studies, 4, 143–168.
Beck, P. [Peter]. (1981). “A Tedious and Perilous Controversy”: Britain and the Settlement of the Mosul Dispute, 1918–1926. Middle Eastern Studies, 2, 256–276.
Bush, B.C. (1976). Mudros To Lausanne: Britain’s Frontier In West Asia, 1918–1923. New York: State University of New York Press.
Coşar, N., Demrici, S. (2006). The Mosul Question and the Turkish Republic: Before and After the Frontier Treaty, 1926. Middle Eastern Studies, 1, 123–132.
Knatchbull-Huggessen, H. (1939, August 22). Letter to Viscount Halifax. Notes on Leading Turkish Personalities. The National Archives (Foreign Office 371/23302/E6203): Kew, London.
Dakin, D., Lambert M., Medlicott W.N. (red.). (1966). Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939 (Seria 1A, tomy: 1–3,7). London: Her Majesty Stationery Office.
Darwin, J.G. (1980). The Chanak Crisis and the British Cabinet. A History. The Journal of The Historical Association, 213, 32–49.
Deringil, S. (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy during the Second World War: an Active Neutrality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Emrence, C. (2003). Rearticulating the Local, Regional and Global: The Greek-Turkish Rapprochement of 1930. Turkish Studies, 4, 26–46.
Evans, S. (1982). The Slow Raprochement. Britain and Turkey in the Age of Kemal Ataturk, 1919–1938. Beverley: University of Hull.
Felton, J. (red.). (2008). The Contemporary Middle East. A Documentary History. Washington: CQPress.
Ferris, J.R. (2003). ,,Far Too Dangerous a Gamble”. British Intelligence and Policy Turing the Chanak Crisis, September-October 1922. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 2, 139–184.
Grew, J. (1954). The Peace Conference of Lausanne, 1922–1923. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1, 1–10.
Kent, M. Great Britain and the End of Ottoman Empire. W: M. Kent (red.), The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire (s. 165–185). London: Frank Cass.
Łyczko-Grodzicka, B. (1978). Problem bezpieczeństwa w polityce zagranicznej Turcji w latach 1919–1939. Studia Historyczne, 3, 197–219.
Prime Minister. (1925, December 11). The Military Situation in Iraq, Cabinet Papers, 24/176. The National Archives: Kew, London.
Protheroe, G. (2006). Searching for Security in New Europe: the Diplomatic Career of Sir George Russell Clerk. London: Routledge.
Secretary of State for the Colonies. (1925, November 10). Iraq and the Mosul Question. Memorandum, Cabinet Papers 24/175. The National Archives: Kew, London.
Secretary of State for Air. (1925, May 14). Defence of Iraq. Memorandum, Cabinet Papers 24/173. The National Archives: Kew, London.
Stillwell, S.J. (2003). Anglo-Turkish Relations in the Interwar Era. Lempeter: The Edwin Mellen Press.
Toynbee, A. (1922). The Western Question in Greece and Tureky. A Study in the Contact of Civilisation. London, Bombay, Sydney: Constable and Company.
Wituch, T. (1977). Stosunki radziecko-tureckie 1917–1922. Dzieje Najnowsze, 9, 61–77.
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu respektuje prawo do prywatności i ochrony danych osobowych autorów.
Dane autorów nie są wykorzystywane w celach handlowych i marketingowych. Redaktorzy i recenzenci są zobowiązani do zachowania w poufności wszelkich informacji związanych ze złożonymi do redakcji tekstami.
Autor, zgłaszając swój tekst wyraża zgodę na wszystkie warunki i zapisy umowy licencyjnej (określającej prawa autorskie) z Uniwersytetem Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu.
Statystyki
Liczba wyświetleń i pobrań: 521
Liczba cytowań: 0