Heideggerowska destrukcja metafizyki: filozofia średniowieczna i nowożytna. Część I

Abstract

The article is focused on thorough analysis and “destruction” of St Thomas’s Aquinas, Descartes’s and Spinoza’s philosophy undertaken by M. Heidegger in the years 1926–27 (Gesamtausgabe Vol. 23). As to St Thomas’s metaphysics Heidegger follows the explanation of mutual connections of transcendental notions: ens, res, unum, aliquid, veritas, bonum. He fixes his attention on the last two ones. The notion of veritas gives opportunity to concern St Thomas’s theory of knowledge. The real ontology of Aquinas is hidden – in Heidegger’s opinion – in his “proofs” of God’s existence. The metaphysics of Cartesius and Spinoza (detailed explanation of the Meditations and the Ethics) is presented by Heidegger such as to prove their dependence upon the medieval scholasticism. Exposition of Cartesian philosophy in Gesamtausgabe Vol. 23 is valuable complement of the Cartesian concept of world reconstructed in the Sein und Zeit. Descartes, such as Spinoza, is not interested in the special way of Being and the specific temporality of the human Dasein. Cartesius chiefly tends to find the absolutely certain axiom of metaphysics. Spinoza “dissolves” human Dasein in the eternal substance conceived radically, to the end, in Aristotelian-scholastic way.