Separation Anxiety in Children as the Most Common Disorder Co-Occurring with School Refusal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/v10251-012-0048-0Keywords
anxiety disorders, separation anxiety, school phobia, childrenAbstract
Anxiety disorders form a part of the most common health disorders existing at the evolutional age. School refusal could be defined as a difficulty in attending school associated with emotional distress, especially anxiety and depression. Separation anxiety can be a meaningful factor of school attendance reluctance.
Children suffering from separation anxiety usually experience unrealistic fear of being separated from their meaningful persons. The squeals of childhood anxiety disorders include social, family, and academic impairments. Anxiety separation disorders disrupt the normal psychosocial development of a child.
References
Albano, A. M., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. Childhood anxiety disorders. In Mash, E. J., & Barkley, R. A. (Ed.), Child psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 279-329). New York: Guilford Press 2003.
Costello, J, E,, Egger, H, L,, & Angold, A. Developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders. In 0llendick, T, H,, & March, J, S, (Eds,), Phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A clinician's guide to effective psychosocial and pharmacological interventions (pp, 61-91), New York: Oxford University Press 2004.
Phillips, B. School stress and anxiety: theory, research, and intervention. New York: Human Sciences Press 1978.
Matthew P. Mychailyszyn, Julia L. Méndez, Philip C. Kendall: School Functioning in Youth With and Without Anxiety Disorders: Comparisons by Diagnosis and Comorbidity. School Psychology Review 2010, 39, 1, pp. 106-121.
Kendall, P. C, Safford, S., Flannery-Schroeder, E., & Webb, A. Child anxiety treatment: Outcomes in adolescence and impact on substance abuse and depression at 7.4 year follow-up. J Consult Clin Psychol, 2004, 72, 276-287. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.2.276]
Woodward, L. J., & Fergusson, D. M. Life course outcomes of young people with anxiety disorders in adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001, 40, 1086-1093. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200109000-00018]
Kearney, C.A. & Hugelshofer, D.S. Systemic and Clinical Strategies for Preventing School Refusal Behavior in Youth, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 2000, 14,1, pp. 51-65.
King, N. J. & Bernstein, G. A. School Refusal in Children and Adolescents: A Review of the past 10 Years. . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001, 40:2 197-205. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200102000-00014]
King, N., Ollendick, T.H. & Tonge, B.J. School refusal: assessment and treatment, Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights, MA 1995.
Johnson, A.M., Falstein, E.I. & Szureck, S.A. School phobia, Am J Orthopsychiatry, 1941, 11, pp. 702-711.
Kearney, C.A. & Silverman, W.K. The evolution and reconciliation of taxonomic strategies for school refusal behavior, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 1996, 3, pp. 339-354.
Egger, H.L., Costello, E.J. & Angold, A. School refusal and psychiatric disorders: a community study, . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003, 42, 7, pp. 797-807. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.CHI.0000046865.56865.79]
Bernstein, G.A., Warren, S.L., Massie, E.D. & Thuras, P.D. Family dimensions in anxious-depressed school refusers, J Anxiety Dis 1999, 13, pp. 513-528. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(99)00021-3]
Dabkowska, M. Risk factors for school phobia. Lęk i Depresja 1999, 4, 3, pp.186-196
Dabkowska, M. School phobia in children with anxiety disorders, Psychiatria w Praktyce Ogólnolekarskie, 2002, 2, 3, pp. 167-170.
Kearney, C.A. Solutions to school refusal for parents and kids: Pinpoint and address reinforcers of the child’s behavior, Cur Psychiatry 2006, 5, 12, pp. 67-69, 73-76, 78, 83.
Berg, I., Butler, A., Franklin, J., Hayes, H., Lucas, C., & Sims, R. DSM-III-R Disorders, social factors and management of school attendance problems in the normal population, J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1993, 34, pp. 1187-1203. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01782.x]
Borchardt, C.M., Giesler, J., Bernstein, G.A., et al. A comparison of inpatient and outpatient school refusers. Child Psychiatry Human Development, 1994, 24, 4, pp. 255-64. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02353201]
Bernstein, G.A., Massie, E.D., Thuras, P.D., Perwien, A.R., Borchardt, C.M. & Crosby, R.D. Somatic symptoms in anxious-depressed school refusers. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997, 36, pp. 661-668. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199705000-00017]
Dabkowska, M. The somatic mask of school phobia, Ped Pol 2006, 81, 11, pp. 839-843.
Flakierska-Praquin, N., Lindstrom, M. & Gillberg, C. School phobia with separation anxiety disorder: a comparative 20- to 29-year follow-up study of 35 school refusers, Compr Psychiatry 1997, 38, pp. 17-22.
Cronk NJ, Slutske WS, Madden PA, Bucholz KK, Heath AC. Risk for separation anxiety disorder among girls: paternal absence, socioeconomic disadvantage, and genetic vulnerability. J Abnorm Psychol 2004, 113(2):237-47.
Berg, I. & Jackson, A. Teenage school refusers grow-up: a followup study of 168 subjects, ten years on average after in-patient treatment. Brit J Psychiatry 1985, 147, pp. 366-70.
Kearney, C.A. & Albano, A.M. When children refuse school: A cognitive-behavioral therapy approach/Therapist's guide, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX 2000.
Copian, R, J,, Girardi, A,, Findlay, L, C, & Frohlick, S, L. Understanding solitude: Young children's attitudes and responses towards hypothetically socially withdrawn peers. Social Development, 2007, 16, 390-409.
Nelson, L. J., Rubin, K. H., & Fox, N. A. Social withdrawal, observed peer acceptance, and the development of self-perceptions in children ages 4 to 7 years. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 2005, 20, 185-200.
Kearney, C.A. Identifying the function of school refusal behavior: A revision of the School Refusal Assessment Scale, Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 2002, 24, pp. 235-245. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020774932043]
Dabkowska, M. Basic reasons for school refusal behaviour by school children and their parents, Psychiatr Psychol Klin 2007, l 7, 2, pp. 76-83.
Weems, C.F. & Costa, N. Developmental differences in the expression of childhood anxiety symptoms and fears, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005, 44, 7, pp. 656-663. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000162583.25829.4b]
Deltito, J.A. & Hahn, R. A three-generational presentation of separation anxiety, Psychopharmacol Bull 1993, 29, 2, pp. 189-93.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.), Washington, DC 2000.
World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders, World Health Organization, Geneva 1992.
Francis, G., Last, C.G. & Strauss, C.C. Expression of separation anxiety disorder: the role of age and gender, Child Psychiatry and Human Development 1987, 18, 2, pp. 82-9.
von Widdern, S. & Lehmkuhl, G. How do children with separation anxiety disorder develop after inpatient treatment?, Praxis Der Kinderpsychologie Und Kinderpsychiatrie, 2011, 60, 2, pp.143-57.
Masi, G., Millepiedi, S. & Mucci, M. Efficacy of newer antidepressants for childhood anxiety disorders. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2002, 2, 4, pp. 523-31.
Seligman, L.D. & Ollendick, T.H. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders in youth, Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin North Am 2011, 20, 2, pp. 217-38.
Suveg, C., Hudson, J.L., Brewer, G., Flannery-Schroeder, E., Gosch, E., Kendall, P.C. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety-disordered youth: Secondary outcomes from a randomized clinical trial evaluating child and family modalities. J Anxiety Dis 2009, 23, 3, pp. 341-349. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.01.003]
Ayers, T. S., Sandler, I. N., West, S. G., & Roosa, M. W. A dispositional and situational assessment of children's coping: Testing alternative models of coping, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 64, pp. 923-958.
Bahali, K., & Tahiroğlu, A.Y. School Refusal: Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Treatment, Current Approaches in Psychiatry / Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar, 2010, 2, 3, pp. 362-383.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 440
Number of citations: 0