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Historia i Polityka

Aleksander Kołłontaj w Norwegii (1915-1917)
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Aleksander Kołłontaj w Norwegii (1915-1917)

Authors

  • Alicja Karolina Kiełbasiewicz Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/HiP.2009.006

Keywords

Aleksander Kołłontaj, Norwegia

Abstract

Aleksandra Kollontai in Norway (1915-1917)

The aim of this article is to presentthe political activities of Aleksandra Kollon­tai during her stay in Norway 1915-1917. Aleksandra was born on April 1, 1872 in Sankt Petersburg to an aristocratic family. At age twenty-one, she married her cousin - a czarist generał, Vladimir Kollontai. However, they soon separated and she de- cided to go to Western Europę to study economics so as to become a radical journalist. During her stay in Europę, she came into contactwith the leftist Marxists. She also engaged herself in thebuildingof a working women’s movementboth in Western Eu­ropę and her homeland.

Conseąuently, Aleksandra had to flee Russia in 1908. Next eight years she lived in exile. In 1915, Kollontai moved to Oslo after being expelled from Sweden for participation in anti-military propaganda. During her stay in Norway, she was an active representative of the Bolsheviks. Aleksandra was promoting Lenin’s theories among socialist youth, was in touch with one of the most prominent social activists, Mar­tin Tranm^l, and took an active part in the Norwegian women’s movement. Moreover, thanks to her influence, Scandinavian representatives supported Lenin’s fraction connected with the revolutionary internationalism during the conference in Zimmerwald in 1915. Furthermore, she also played a crucial role in the re-opening of the northern smuggling route thatled through harbors in Vard0 and Murmańsk. As a result, Lenin was able to keep in constant contact with the revolutionary movement in Russia during the WWI.

In particular, Aleksandra Kollontai was regarded by the Norwegian socialists as a beautiful, temperamental woman as well as a talented speaker. Not surprisingly, her diplomacy also led to recognition of Soviet Russia by Norway in 1924.

References

Bereza-Jarociński A., Zarys Dziejów Norwegii, Warszawa 1990, s. 12.

Bjorgum J., Martin Tranml og radikalisering av norskarbeiderbevegelse 1906-1918, Oslo 1998.

Bloch R., De russiske socialister og krigen, [w:] Klasse mot klasse, Hefte IV, Kristiania 1915, s. 23.

Cieślak T., Zarys Historii Najnowszej Krajów Skandynawskich, Warszawa 1978, s. 498.

Den russiske revolution - arbeidernes revolution, foredrag i Kristiania, 25. Mars 1917, [w:] Social-Demokraten, 24.03.1917, [w:] M. Nag, Kollontaj, s. 83.

Egede-Nissen A., Et liv i strid, Oslo 1945.

Futrell M., Northern Underground, London 1963, s. 87, 97, 100.

Hansen A.G., Bucharin, [w:] Det 20. Aarhundrede, nr 4,1923, s. 60.

Kan A., Den norske arbeiderbevegelsen og Nikolaj Bucharina, [w:] Arbeiderhistorie 1989, Oslo 1989, s. 121-141.

Kan A., Fra Olaussen til Colbjornsen, [w:] Arbeiderhistorie, Oslo 1989, s. 121-141.

Koht H., Det Norske Arbeiderpartis historie 1887-1937, Oslo 1937.

Kollontaj A., En redegjorelse, [w:] Social-Demokraten, 25.06.1915, [w:] M. Nag, Kollontaj, s. 93.

Kołłontaj A.M., Diplomaticzeskie dniewniki 1922-1940, t. I-II, Moskwa 2001, s. 7, 9-13, 169.

Lie Giver W., Vardo Lenins brohode til revolusjonen, [w:] Arbeiders Magazinet, 1991, nr 31, s. 21.

Nag M., Kollontaj i Norge, Oslo 1981, s. 16-18, 24,9, 78.

Nag M., Revolusjonr solidaritet, Oslo 1987, s. 24-24.

Riksarkivet, Oslo, JD pakke 3A12611[P], Finnmark I, Fra politimasteren i S0r-Varange til Justisdepartementet, Kirkenes den. 8 mai 1919.

Service R., Lenin, Warszawa 2003, s. 235.

Sveum T., Smugling av revolusjonxre skrifter fra Vardo til Nord-Russland, [w:] Ottar, 1992, nr 4, s. 41.

Terje N., Ellisif Wessel, Trondheim 1975, s. 32 i 37.

Zapiski Kołłontaj z dnia 22 i 27 lipca, A. Kołłontaj, Framin norske dagbok, [w:] M. Nag, Kollontaj i Norge, Oslo 1981, s. 82, 141, 171, 180, 192-193.

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Published

2009-06-20

How to Cite

1.
KIEŁBASIEWICZ, Alicja Karolina. Aleksander Kołłontaj w Norwegii (1915-1917). Historia i Polityka. Online. 20 June 2009. No. 1 (8), pp. 101-114. [Accessed 8 July 2025]. DOI 10.12775/HiP.2009.006.
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