European Union in the Face of Russian Aggression against Ukraine (2014–2023)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/HiP.2024.016Słowa kluczowe
European Union, Russia, Ukraine, conflict, sanctionsAbstrakt
In 2014, Russia – despite denying it – began the first stage of the conflict in Ukraine by military occupation of a part of Ukraine’s territory. The European Union as an entity that wants to be considered one of the key participants in international relations could not leave this without reaction, especially since the events took place in its immediate neighbourhood and constituted an obvious violation of international law. Therefore, sanctions and restrictions were imposed on Russia hoping that they would trigger some reflection in the Kremlin. Nothing of the sort happened, so in 2022, Russia started the second stage of the conflict intended to seize further Ukrainian territories and place a government in Kiev that would be obedient to Moscow. This time the EU’s reaction was slightly different. This article is an attempt to familiarize the reader with EU activities regarding the Ukrainian conflict.
Bibliografia
Aleksandrowicz, T.R. (2017). Wywiad jako narzędzie w koncepcji nowych wojen. Casus konfliktu ukraińskiego. Studia Politologiczne, 43, 165–193.
Barata, P. (2014). Ukraine, EU and Russia: Soft Power versus Realpolitik? JANUS.NET e-journal of International Relations, 5(1), 31–47.
Ber, J., & Tarociński, J. (2023, August 22). Ukraine Will Get Dutch and Danish F-16s. Day 544 of the War. Retrieved from: https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2023-08-22/ukraine-will-get-dutch-and-danish-f-16s-day-544-war.
Bielecki, T. (2023, July 20). UE: Wielkie pieniądze na broń dla Kijowa. Retrieved from: https://www.dw.com/pl/ue-wielkie-pieniądze-na-broń-dla-kijowa/a-66302680.
Bilban, Ch., & Jaeger, S. (2020, February). Sanctions against Russia: Between Symbolic and Effective Foreign Policy. Retrieved from: https://www.bundesheer.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/ifk_monitor_60_int_bilban_jaeger_sanctions_feb_20_web.pdf.
Business Insider. (2022, September 6). Gazprom straszy „epoką lodowcową” w Europie. “Zima będzie sroga”. Retrieved from: https://businessinsider.com.pl/wiadomosci/gazprom-straszy-epoka-lodowcowa-w-europie-dziwna-reklama-wideo/khcvjyq.
Challet, C. (2020). Reflections on Judicial Review of EU Sanctions Following the Crisis in Ukraine by the Court of Justice of the European Union. COE Research Paper in Law, 4. Retrieved from: http://aei.pitt.edu/103422/1/researchpaper_4_2020_celia_challet.pdf.
Council of the European Union. (2009). European Security Strategy. A Secure Europe in a Better World. Brussels: Publications Office of the European Union. DOI: 10.2860/1402.
Council of the EU Press Release 151/22. (2022, February 23). Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/02/23/russian-recognition-of-the-non-government-controlled-areas-of-the-donetsk-and-luhansk-oblasts-of-ukraine-as-independent-entities-eu-adopts-package-of-sanctions/pdf.
Council of the EU Press Release 176/22. (2022, February 25). Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/02/25/russia-s-military-aggression-against-ukraine-eu-imposes-sanctions-against-president-putin-and-foreign-minister-lavrov-and-adopts-wide-ranging-individual-and-economic-sanctions/pdf.
Council of the EU Press Release 189/22. (2022, February 28). Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/02/28/eu-adopts-new-set-of-measures-to-respond-to-russia-s-military-aggression-against-ukraine/pdf.
Council of the EU Press Release 209/22. (2022, March 2). Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/03/02/russia-s-military-aggression-against-ukraine-eu-bans-certain-russian-banks-from-swift-system-and-introduces-further-restrictions/pdf.
Council of the EU Press Release 242/22. (2022, March 9). Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/03/09/russia-s-military-aggression-against-ukraine-eu-agrees-new-sectoral-measures-targeting-belarus-and-russia/pdf.
Council of the EU Press Release 276/22. (2022, March 15). Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/03/15/russia-s-military-aggression-against-ukraine-fourth-eu-package-of-sectoral-and-individual-measures/pdf.
Council of the EU Press Release 365/22. (2022, April 8). Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/04/08/eu-adopts-fifth-round-of-sanctions-against-russia-over-its-military-aggression-against-ukraine/pdf/.
Council of the EU Press Release 515/22. (2022, June 3). Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/06/03/russia-s-aggression-against-ukraine-eu-adopts-sixth-package-of-sanctions/pdf.
Council of the EU Press Release 710/22. (2022, July 21). Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/07/21/russia-s-aggression-against-ukraine-eu-adopts-maintenance-and-alignment-package/pdf.
Council of the EU Press Release 812/22. (2022, October 6). Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/10/06/eu-adopts-its-latest-package-of-sanctions-against-russia-over-the-illegal-annexation-of-ukraine-s-donetsk-luhansk-zaporizhzhia-and-kherson-regions/pdf/.
Council of the EU Press Release 1122/22. (2022, December 16). Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/12/16/russia-s-war-of-aggression-against-ukraine-eu-adopts-9th-package-of-economic-and-individual-sanctions/pdf.
Council of the EU Press Release 128/23. (2023, February 25). Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/02/25/one-year-of-russia-s-full-scale-invasion-and-war-of-aggression-against-ukraine-eu-adopts-its-10th-package-of-economic-and-individual-sanctions/pdf.
Council of the EU Press Release 471/23. (2023, June 23). Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/06/23/russia-s-war-of-aggression-against-ukraine-eu-adopts-11th-package-of-economic-and-individual-sanctions/pdf.
Council Regulation (EU) 2022/2577 of 22 December 2022 Laying Down a Framework to Accelerate the Deployment of Renewable Energy. Official Journal of the European Union, L 335, 29.12.2022.
Council Regulation (EU) No 269/2014 of 17 March 2014 Concerning Restrictive Measures in Respect of Actions Undermining or Threatening the Territorial Integrity, Sovereignty and Independence of Ukraine. Official Journal of the European Union, L 78, 17.03.2014.
Douhan, A.F. (2015). International Organizations and Settlement of the Conflict in Ukraine. Heidelberg Journal of International Law, 75(1), 195–214. Retrieved from: https://www.zaoerv.de/75_2015/75_2015_1_a_195_214.pdf.
European Parliament. (2017, November 27). Renewable Energy: Setting Ambitious Targets for Europe. Retrieved from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20171124STO88813/renewable-energy-setting-ambitious-targets-for-europe.
Fischer, S. (2019). The Donbas Conflict: Opposing Interests and Narratives, Difficult Peace Process. SWP Research Paper, 5. Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik. German Institute for International and Security Affairs. Retrieved from: https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/research_papers/2019RP05_fhs.pdf.
Hajduk, J., & Stępniewski, T. (2016). Russia’s Hybrid War with Ukraine: Determinants, Instruments, Accomplishments and Challenges. Studia Europejskie, 2, 37–52.
Huseynov, V. (2017). Revisiting the Ukraine Crisis: Realist Reflections on Causes and Consequences. CES Working Papers, 9(4), 582–596.
International Center for Policy Studies. (2019). Sanctions against Russia: Current Status, Prospects, Successes and Gaps in the Multilateral International Sanctions Regime against the Russian Federation. Retrieved from: http://www.icps.com.ua/en/our-projects/publications/sanctions-against-russia-current-status-prospects-successes-and-gaps-in-the-multilateral-international-sanctions-regime-against-the-russian-federation/.
Ivashchenko-Stadnik, K., Petrov, R., Rieker, P., & Russo, A. (2018, January). Implementation of the EU’s Crisis Response in Ukraine. Retrieved from: http://www.eunpack.eu/publications/working-paper-implementation-eu-crisis-response-ukraine.
Jonsson, O. (2020). EU/NATO. In: CEPA, The Evolution of Russian Hybrid Warfare (pp. 36–43). Washington, DC: Center for European Policy Analysis. Retrieved from: https://cepa.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/CEPA-Hybrid-Warfare-1.28.21.pdf.
Kamusella, T. (2018). Hybrid War: Real Casualties in Ukraine. Sprawy Narodowościowe. Seria nowa, 50, 1637, 1–23. DOI: 10.11649/sn.1637.
Kruk, K. (2019, May 7). The Crimean Factor: How the European Union Reacted to Russia’s Annexation of Crimea. Retrieved from: https://warsawinstitute.org/crimean-factor-european-union-reacted-russias-annexation-crimea/.
Lakomy, M. (2016). The Game of Ukraine: Conflict in Donbass as an Outcome of the Multilayered Rivalry. Politeja, 13(45), 279–315. DOI: 10.12797/Politeja.13.2016.45.13.
Litra, L., Medynskyi, I., & Zarembo, K. (2017). Assessing the EU’s Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding Interventions in Ukraine. Kyiv: Institute of World Policy. Retrieved from: http://neweurope.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Case-Study-Report-Ukraine.pdf.
Łoskot-Strachota, A. (2022, September 16). Unijne próby wyhamowania kryzysu energetycznego. Retrieved from: https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2022-09-16/unijne-proby-wyhamowania-kryzysu-energetycznego.
Menkiszak, M. (2022, February 22). Russia Recognises the Independence of the Donbas. Retrieved from: https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2022-02-22/russia-recognises-independence-donbas.
NATO. (2022). NATO 2022 Strategic Concept. Retrieved from: https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2022/6/pdf/290622-strategic-concept.pdf.
Neumann, P. (2023, February 16). Sicherheitsexperte Peter Neumann: “Wäre die Ukraine nur auf Europa angewiesen, wäre sie jetzt russisch”. Retrieved from: https://www.sn.at/politik/weltpolitik/sicherheitsexperte-peter-neumann-waere-die-ukraine-nur-auf-europa-angewiesen-waere-sie-jetzt-russisch-134143279.
Olzacka, E. (2017). Understanding the Conflict in Eastern Ukraine: The Role of Cultural Context. Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne, 4, 23–38. DOI: 10.14746/ssp.2017.4.2.
Orzechowski, M., & Jartyś, J. (2020). Annexation of Crimea and Federalization of Donbas as the Exemplification of Hybrid Warfare in Ukraine. Implications for Poland. Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 18(1), 61–78. DOI: 10.36874/RIESW.2020.1.4.
Popescu, N. (2015, January 30). Hybrid Tactics: Neither New Nor Only Russian. Retrieved from: https://www.iss.europa.eu/content/hybrid-tactics-neither-new-nor-only-russian.
Presidency Summary. (2022). Extraordinary TTE (Energy) Council Meeting of 9 September 2022. Retrieved from: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/58929/presidency-summary-220909.pdf.
Rácz, A. (2015). Russia’s Hybrid War in Ukraine: Breaking the Enemy’s Ability to Resist. FIIA Report, 43. Helsinki: Finnish Institute of International Affairs.
Regulation (EU) 2021/821 of the European Parliament and the Council of 20 May 2021 Setting Up a Union Regime for the Control of Exports, Brokering, Technical Assistance, Transit and Transfer of Dual-use Items. Official Journal of the European Union, L 206, 11.06.2021.
Rogozińska, A. (2019). Non-Military Dimension of the Hybrid War in Ukraine. Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne, 2, 173–194. DOI: 10.14746/ssp.2019.2.10.
Schmid, J. (2019). Hybrid Warfare on the Ukrainian Battlefield: Developing Theory Based on Empirical Evidence. Journal on Baltic Security, 5(1), 5–15. DOI: 10.2478/jobs-2019-0001.
SIPRI [Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]. (2021). SIPRI Military Expenditure Database. Retrieved from: https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex.
Siviş, E. (2019). The Crimean Annexation Crisis and Its Economic Consequences: EU Sanctions, U.S. Sanctions and Impacts on the Russian Economy. Marmara Journal of European Studies, 27(1), 53–79. DOI: 10.29228/mjes.24.
Thiele, R.D. (2015, May). Crisis in Ukraine – The Emergence of Hybrid Warfare. ISPSW Publications, 347. Berlin: Institut für Strategie- Politik- Sicherheits- und Wirtschaftsberatung. Retrieved from: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/190792/347_Thiele_RINSA.pdf.
Tyushka, A. (2019). Hybrid War(Fare): The Challenge of Contagion. Torun International Studies, 12, 5–29. DOI: 10.12775/TIS.2019.001.
Wilk, A., & Domańska, M. (2022, February 24). Russia Attacks Ukraine. Retrieved from: https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2022-02-24/russia-attacks-ukraine.
Wolczuk, K., & Žeruolis, D. (2018, August). Rebuilding Ukraine: An Assessment of EU Assistance. London: Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs. Retrieved from: https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/2018-08-16-rebuilding-ukraine-eu-assistance-wolczuk-zeruolis.pdf.
Zaliznyak, Y. (2016). Information Security and Russian Aggression: Ukraine-EU-NATO Hybrid Response to Hybrid War. Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, 14(2), 23–42.
Zięba, R. (2014). Międzynarodowe implikacje kryzysu ukraińskiego. Stosunki Międzynarodowe, 50(2), 13–40.
Zygiel, A. (2022, February 15). Rosyjskie wojsko przy granicy z Ukrainą. Czy dojdzie do inwazji? Retrieved from: https://www.rmf24.pl/raporty/raport-wojna-z-rosja/news-rosyjskie-wojsko-przy-granicy-z-ukraina-czy-dojdzie-do-inwaz,nId,5834314#crp_state=1.
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Rafał Willa, Jakub Płonka
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu respektuje prawo do prywatności i ochrony danych osobowych autorów.
Dane autorów nie są wykorzystywane w celach handlowych i marketingowych. Redaktorzy i recenzenci są zobowiązani do zachowania w poufności wszelkich informacji związanych ze złożonymi do redakcji tekstami.
Autor, zgłaszając swój tekst wyraża zgodę na wszystkie warunki i zapisy umowy licencyjnej (określającej prawa autorskie) z Uniwersytetem Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu.
Statystyki
Liczba wyświetleń i pobrań: 221
Liczba cytowań: 0