Potmarks on Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom Bread Moulds from the Settlement Layers of Tell el-Murra
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/EtudTrav.36.008Słowa kluczowe
Tell el-Murra, Nile Delta, Early Dynastic period, Old Kingdom period, bread moulds, pre-firing potmarksAbstrakt
Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom bread moulds belong to the type of vessels on which potmarks appear the most often, which is a phenomenon recorded during works conducted at different sites. Excavations carried out at the Tell el-Murra between 2011 and 2019 produced a significant number of vessels of this type with various marks. This paper is devoted to the 118 pre-firing marks from Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom bread moulds from the settlement layers at the Tell el-Murra. The paper comparatively analyses marks from two subsequent chronological periods, with the aim to test the validity of theories regarding their function and meaning, based on examples from Tell el-Murra. The study concludes that the high frequency of potmarks on bread forms was not accidental, but related to certain economic processes and changes, as also indicated in this paper.
Bibliografia
Adams, M.J. 2009: An Interim Report on the Naqada III – First Intermediate Period Stratifications at Mendes 1999-2005, [in:] Redford, D.B. (Ed.), Delta Reports, Research in Lower Delta, Vol. I, Oxford, 121–206
Amélineau, E. 1899: Les Nouvelles Fouilles d’Abydos, 1895–1896, compte rendu in extenso des fouilles, description des monuments et objets dé couverts, Vol. I, Paris
Arnold, D., Bourriau, J., Nordström, H.-Å. 1993: An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery, SDAIK 17, Mainz a/Rhein
Bader, B. 2009: The Late Old Kingdom in Herakleopolis Magna? An Interim Interpretation, [in:] Rzeuska, T.I., Wodzińska, A. (Eds), Studies on Old Kingdom Pottery, Warsaw, 13–42
Breasted, J.H. 1906: Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, Vol. I, The First To The Seventeenth Dynasties, Chicago
Bréand, G. 2009: The corpus of Pre-firing potmarks from Adaïma (Upper Egypt), BMSAES 13, 49–72
Bréand, G. 2015: Pot Marks on Bread Moulds in Settlement Context during Naqada III Period: A comparative view from Adaïma (Upper Egypt) and Tell el Iswid South (Lower Egypt), [in:] Budka, J., Kammerzell, F., Rzepka, S. (Eds), Non-Textual Marking Systems in Ancient Egypt (and Elsewhere), LingAeg-StudMon 16, Hamburg, 187–213
Brunton, G. 1937: Mostagedda and the Tasian Culture, British Museum Expedition to Middle Egypt, First and Second Years, 1928, 1929, London
Brunton, G., Caton-Thompson, G. 1928: The Badarian Civilisation and Prehistoric Remains near Badari, BSAE 46, London
Brunton, G., Gardiner, A., Petrie, F. 1927: Qau and Badari I, BSAE 44, London
Buchez, N. 2004: The Study of a Group of Ceramics at the end of the Naqada period and Socio-economic Considerations, [in:] Hendrickx, S., Friedman, R.F., Ciałowicz, K.M., Chłodnicki, M. (Eds), Egypt at its origins: Studies in memory of Barbara Adams. Proceedings of the international conference “Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt”, Kraków, 28th August – 1st September 2002, OLA 138, Leuven-Paris-Dudley, 665–687
Czarnowicz, M. 2016: Egyptian Pottery of Tel Erani area D-3, [in:] Ciałowicz, K.M., Yekutieli, Y., Czarnowicz, M. (Eds), Tel Erani I. Preliminary Report of the 2013-2015 Excavations, Kraków, 75–84
De Morgan, J. de 1897: Recherches sur les Origins de l‘Égypte : Ethnographie Préhistorique et Tombeau Royal de Négadah, Vol. 2, Paris
Drenkhahn, R. 1975: Brot, [in:] LÄ I, 871
Dreyer, G. 1993: Umm el-Qaab: Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof. 5./6. Vorbericht, MDAIK 49, 23–62
Emery, W.B. 1949: Excavations at Sakkara. Great Tombs of the First Dynasty, Vol. I, London
Friedman, R.F. 1992: The Early Dynastic and Transitional Pottery of Mendes: The 1990 Season, [in:] van den Brink, E.C.M. (Ed.), The Nile Delta in transition: 4th.–3rd. Millennium B.C., Proceedings of the Seminar Held in Cairo, 21.–24. October 1990, at the Netherlands Institute of Archaeology and Arabic Studies, Tel Aviv, 199–205
Gamrat, M. 2019: Egyptian Kitchenware in Southern Levant during Early Bronze IB2 Period, SAAC 23, 29–49
Garstang, J. 1903: Maḥâsna and Bêt Khallâf, ERA 7, London
Hartmann, R. 2011: Ritzmarken auf Brotformen aus der frühdynastischen Siedlung von Tell el-Fara’in/Buto, [in:] Aston, D., Bader, B., Gallorini, C., Nicholson, P., Buckingham, S. (Eds), Under the Potter’s Tree – Studies on Ancient Egypt Presented to Janine Bourriau on the occasion of her 70th Birthday, OLA 204, Leuven, 469–482
Helck, W. 1985: Töpfaufschriften, [in:] LÄ VI, 635–636
Hendrickx, S. 1996: The Relative Chronology of the Naqada Culture. Problems and Possibilities, [in:] Spencer, A.J. (Ed.), Aspects of Early Egypt, London, 36–69
Hendrickx, S., Faltings, D., Op de Beeck, L., Raue, D., Michiels, C. 2002: Milk, Beer and Bread Technology during the Early Dynastic Period, MDAIK 58, 277–304
Jacquet-Gordon, H. 1981: A Tentative Typology of Egyptian Bread Moulds, [in:] Arnold, Do. (Ed.), Studien zur Altägyptischen Keramik, SDAIK 9, Mainz a/Rhein, 11–24
Jucha, M.A. 2005: Tell el-Farkha II. The Pottery of the Predynastic Settlement (Phases 2 to 5), Kraków-Poznań
Jucha, M.A. 2008: The Corpus of “Potmarks” from the Graves at Tell el-Farkha, [in:] Midant-Reynes, B., Tristant, Y., Rowland, J., Hendrickx, S. (Eds), Egypt at its Origins 2: Proceedings of the International Conference “Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt”, Toulouse (France), 5th–8th September 2005, OLA 172, Leuven-Paris-Dudley MA, 133–149
Jucha, M.A. 2009: The North-Eastern Part of the Nile Delta – Research Perspectives. Polish Archaeological Survey in the Ash-Sharqiyyah Governorate, [in:] Popielska-Grzybowska, J., Iwaszczuk, J. (Eds), Proceedings of the Fifth Central European Conference of Egyptologists. Egypt 2009: Perspectives of Research, Pułtusk, 22–24 June 2009, AAP 2, Pułtusk, 83–88
Jucha, M.A. 2011a: The Development of pottery production during the Early Dynastic Period and the beginning of the Old Kingdom: A View from Tell el-Farkha, [in:] Friedman, R.F., Fiske, P.N. (Eds), Egypt at its Origins 3. Proceedings of the Third International Conference “Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt”, London, 27th July – 1st August 2008, OLA 205, Leuven-Paris-Walpole MA, 953–974
Jucha, M.A. 2011b: The Polish Archaeological survey in the north-eastern part of the Nile Delta (season 2010) – the pottery from Tell el-Murra and Tell Abu el-Halyat, Recherches Archéologiques NS 3, 179–194
Jucha, M.A. 2011c: Tell Abu el-Halyat. The new Naqada III – Old Kingdom (?) site in the northeastern Nile Delta, SAAC 15, 65–76
Jucha, M.A. 2012: Naqada III – Old Kingdom pottery in the Nile Delta: a view from Tell el-Akhdar, SAAC 16, 49–60
Jucha, M.A., Bąk-Pryc, G., Czarnowicz, M. 2014: Tell el-Murra (Northeastern Nile Delta Survey). Season 2011, PAM 23/1, 141–152
Jucha, M.A., Bąk-Pryc, G., Małecka-Drozd, N. 2015: Tell el-Murra (Northeastern Nile Delta survey) seasons 2012–2013, PAM 24/1, 199–214
Jucha, M.A., Bąk-Pryc, G., Małecka-Drozd, N., Kazimierczak, M. 2017: Tell el-Murra (Northeastern Nile Delta Survey): preliminary report on research in 2014–2015, PAM 26/1, 137–160
Jucha, M.A., Bąk-Pryc, G., Małecka-Drozd, N., Kazimierczak, M. 2018: Tell el-Murra (Northeastern Nile Delta Survey): research in 2016–2017, PAM 27/1, 149–167
Jucha, M.A. with contributions by Bąk-Pryc, G., Małecka-Drozd, N., Kazimierczak, M., Ownby, M.F., Mądrzyk, K., Pankowska, A., Woźniak, B., Abłamowicz, R. 2016: Polish Excavations at Tell el-Murra in the Nile Delta. Preliminary Report 2013 – 2015, Archeologia 65, 85–146
Jucha, M.A., Błaszczyk, K., Buszek, A., Pryc, G. 2013: Tell el-Murra (Northeastern Nile Delta Survey). Season 2010, PAM 22, 105–120
Jucha, M.A., Buszek, A. 2011: Tell el-Murra (Northeastern Nile Delta Survey). Season 2008, PAM 20, 177–182
Kaiser, W., Arnold, F., Bommas, M., Hikade, T., Hoffmann, F., Jaritz, H., Kopp, P., Niederberger, W., Pätznick, J.-P., von Pilgrim, C., Raue, D., Rzeuska, T., Schaten, S., Seiler, A., Stalder, L., Ziermann, M. 1999: Stadt und Tempel von Elephantine 25./26./27. Grabungsbericht, MDAIK 55, 63–236
Kazimierczak, M. 2016: Potmarks from Tell el-Murra and Tell el-Farkha Cemeteries (Seasons 2011–2016), SAAC 20, 7–26
Kazimierczak, M. 2022: Ceramika wczesnodynastyczna z Tell el-Murra na tle innych ośrodków Delty północno-wschodniej, unpublished PhD thesis, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków
Köhler, E.C. 1998: Tell el-Faraîn-Buto III. Die Keramik von der späten Naqada-Kultur bis zum frühen Alten Reich (Schichten III bis VI), ArchVer 94, Mainz a/Rhein
Köhler, E.C. 2005: Helwan I. Excavations in the Early Dynastic Cemetery. Season 1997/98, SAGA 24, Heidelberg
Kroeper, K. 2000: Corpus of potmarks from The Pre/Early Dynastic cemetery at Minshat Abu Omar (Northeastern Delta, Egypt), [in:] Krzyżaniak, L., Kroeper, K., Kobusiewicz, M. (Eds), Recent Research into The Stone Age of Northeastern Africa, SAArch 7, Poznań, 187–218
Kytnarová, K.A. 2011: Chronological relevance of bread baking forms – A case study from the Abusir South cemetery, [in:] Bárta, M., Coppens, F., Krejčí, J. (Eds), Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2010, Prague, 200–222
Małecka-Drozd, N., Kazimierczak, M. 2021: Not by bread alone: Notes on grain storage and processing during the 3rd millennium BCE, [in:] Köhler, E.C., Kuch, N., Junge, F., Jeske, A.-K. (Eds), Egypt at its Origins 6: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference “Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt”, Vienna, 10th–15th September 2017, OLA 303, Leuven-Paris-Bristol CT, 469–500
Mawdsley, L. 2009: The Corpus of Potmarks from Tarkhan, BMSAES 13, 197–219
Mączyńska, A. 2009: Old Kingdom Pottery at Tell el-Farkha. Some Remarks on Bread Moulds, [in:] Rzeuska, T.I., Wodzińska, A. (Eds), Studies on Old Kingdom Pottery, Warsaw, 95–112
Mączyńska, A. 2012: Pottery from the Central Kom, [in:] Chłodnicki, M., Ciałowicz, K.M., Mączyńska, A. (Eds), Tell el-Farkha I. Excavations 1998–2011, Poznań-Kraków, 115–145
Peet, T.E., Loat, W.L.S. 1913: The Cemeteries of Abydos III: 1912–1913, MEEF 35, London
Petrie, W.M.F. 1902: Abydos I, MEEF 22, London
Petrie, W.M.F. 1953: Corpus of Proto-Dynastic Pottery, BSAE 66B, London
Petrie, W.M.F., Quibell, J.E. 1896: Naqada and Ballas, 1895, BSAE 1, London
Quibell, J.E. 1898: El Kab, ERA [3], London
Rampersad, R.S. 2008: Introducing Tell Gabbara: New Evidence for Early Dynastic Settlement in the Eastern Delta, JEA 94, 95–106
Rampersad, R.S. 2020: Commodity Branding and Textual Potmarks: Three Bread Mould Intaglios from Tell Gabbara, JEA 106, 187–198
Rampersad, R.S. 2022: Potmarks as a Rationing System on Egyptian Food Producing Sites: Defining Egypt’s Proto-Bureaucracy, JEA 108, 105–122
Rzeuska, T.I. 2006: Pottery of the Late Old Kingdom, Funerary Pottery And Burial Customs, Saqqara II, Warsaw
Samuel, D. 2000: Brewing and Baking, [in:] Nicholson, P.T., Shaw, I. (Eds), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge, 537–577
Sobas, M. 2010: Selected Potmarks from the Settlement at Tell el-Farkha, FolOr 47, 405–413
Sobas, M. 2012: Pottery from the Western Kom, [in:] Chłodnicki, M., Ciałowicz, K.M., Mączyńska, A. (Eds), Tell el-Farkha I. Excavations 1998–2011, Poznań-Kraków, 181–197
Sobas, M. 2014: Bread Mould Potmarks from a Protodynastic and Early Dynastic Site in the Nile Delta, Egypt. A View from Tell el-Farkha, SAAC 18, 65–82
Sobas, M. 2021: Proto- i wczesnodynastyczna ceramika z Komu Zachodniego w Tell el-Farcha na tle innych osad z terenu Delty Nilu, unpublished PhD thesis, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków
Tassie, G., Hassan, F.A., van Wetering, J., Calcoen, B. 2008: Corpus of potmarks from the Protodynastic to Early Dynastic cemetery at Kafr Hassan Dawood, Wadi Tumilat, East Delta, Egypt, [in:] Midant-Reynes, B., Tristant, Y., Rowland, J., Hendrickx, S. (Eds), Egypt at its Origins 2: Proceedings of the International Conference “Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt”, Toulouse (France), 5th–8th September 2005, OLA 172, Leuven-Paris-Dudley MA, 203–235
Van den Brink, E.C.M. 1992: Corpus and Numerical Evaluation of the “Thinite” Potmarks, [in:] Friedman, R., Adams, B. (Eds), The Followers of Horus. Studies dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman, 1944–1990, ESAP 2, Oxbow Monograph 20, Oxford, 265–296
Van den Brink, E.C.M. 2011: The International potmark workshop. Progressing from Toulouse to London in the study of Predynastic and Early Dynastic potmarks, [in:] Friedman, R.F., Fiske, P.N. (Eds), Egypt at its Origins 3. Proceedings of the Third International Conference “Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt”, London, 27th July – 1st August 2008, OLA 205, Leuven-Paris-Walpole MA, 1005–1013
Van den Brink, E.C.M., Schmidt, K., Boessneck, J., von den Driesch, A., de Roller, G.-J. 1989: A Transitional Late Predynastic – Early Dynastic Settlement Site in the North-Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt, MDAIK 45, 55–108
Vereecken, S., de Meyer, M., Dupras, T., Williams, L. 2009: An Old Kingdom Funerary Assemblage at Dayr al-Barshā, [in:] Rzeuska, T.I., Wodzińska, A. (Eds), Studies on Old Kingdom Pottery, Warsaw, 187–209
Warden, L.A. 2014: Pottery and Economy in Old Kingdom Egypt, CHANE 65, Leiden
Wengrow, D. 2006: The Archaeology of Early Egypt: Social Transformations in North-East Africa, c. 10 000 to 2650 BC, Cambridge
Wodzińska, A. 2009a: Potmarks from Early Dynastic Buto and Old Kingdom Giza: Their Occurrence and Economic Significance, BMSAES 13, 239–261
Wodzińska, A. 2009b: Domestic and Funerary/Sacral Pottery from the Fourth Dynasty Giza, [in:] Rzeuska, T.I., Wodzińska, A. (Eds), Studies on Old Kingdom Pottery, Warsaw, 209–224
Pobrania
Sklep wydawnictwa:
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Statystyki
Liczba wyświetleń i pobrań: 148
Liczba cytowań: 0
