Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
  • Register
  • Login
  • Language
    • English
    • Język Polski
  • Menu
  • Home
  • Current
  • Archives
  • Announcements
  • About
    • About the Journal
    • Submissions
    • Editorial Team
    • Privacy Statement
    • Contact
  • Register
  • Login
  • Language:
  • English
  • Język Polski

The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies

TRUST, TRUTH AND TRUCE TRAPPED IN HYBRIDITY OF MODERN INTER-STATE CONFLICTS: AN EARLY ASSESSMENT OF THE RUSSO-WESTERN PROXY WAR IN UKRAINE
  • Home
  • /
  • TRUST, TRUTH AND TRUCE TRAPPED IN HYBRIDITY OF MODERN INTER-STATE CONFLICTS: AN EARLY ASSESSMENT OF THE RUSSO-WESTERN PROXY WAR IN UKRAINE
  1. Home /
  2. Archives /
  3. No. 1 (7) (2015) /
  4. Articles

TRUST, TRUTH AND TRUCE TRAPPED IN HYBRIDITY OF MODERN INTER-STATE CONFLICTS: AN EARLY ASSESSMENT OF THE RUSSO-WESTERN PROXY WAR IN UKRAINE

Authors

  • Andryj Tyushka Department of Political and Strategic Studies, Baltic Defence College in Tartu

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/cjps.2015.01.01

Keywords

hybridity, (dis)trust, peace, war, Russian-Western conflict, Ukraine

Abstract

Russo-Western relations after the declared end of the Cold War, just as on the eve and in the middle of it, have been fraught with developments pointing towards the persisting distrust and disgust in one another’s perceptions cast against the background of officially declared truce. Such a decades-long half-truth-balancing has gradually lost its flexibility and acceptability and culminated in what much of the current academic debate calls, since 2014, a “Russian-Ukrainian conflict”, but what, in fact, presents an extension to the latent Russo-Western conflict that embarked upon the end of the Cold War – a “cold peace”.

This article aims to reveal the origins, form and substance of the current Russian hybrid gambling in Ukraine by addressing the essential notions in international but also domestic politics – trust, truth, lies/deception, distrust, war and peace immensely trapped by politics of incremental hybridity and interpretivism.

References

Arutunyan, A. (2014). Putin’s New Foreign Policy Rulebook. Open Democracy, 3 November 2014. Retrieved from: https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/anna-arutunyan/putin%27s-new-foreign-policy-rulebook.

Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.

Bilgic, A. (2014). Trust in World Politics: Converting “Identity” into a Source of Security through Trust-Learning. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 68(1), pp. 36–51.

Booth, K. & Wheeler, N.J. (2008). The Security Dilemma: Fear, Cooperation and Trust in World Politics. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan

Borger, J. (2014). Barack Obama: Russia is a Regional Power Showing Weakness over Ukraine. The Guardian, 25 March 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/25/barack-obama-russia-regional-power-ukraine-weakness.

Bush, George H.W. (1992). State of the Union Address. Washington, 27 January 1992. [Transcript of President Bush’s Address on the State of the Union by The New York Times, published 29 January 1992]. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/29/us/state-union-transcript-president-bush-s-address-state-union.html.

Chao, C.C., Patrick, S. & Liuba, B. (2011). Responding to Trust Breaches: The Domain Specificity of Trust and the Role of Affect. Journal of Trust Research, 1(1), pp. 85–106.

Darczewska, J. (2014). The Anatomy of Russian Information Warfare: The Crimean Operation, A Case Study. OSW Point of View, 42 (May 2014). Warsaw: OSW.

Davis Jr., John R. (2013). Defeating Future Hybrid Threats: The Greatest Challenge to the Army Profession of 2020 and Beyond. Military Review (September -October 2013), pp. 21–29.

Deudney, D. & Ikenberry, G.J. (1992). Who Won the Cold War? Foreign Policy, 87, pp. 123–138.

Frederiksen, M. (2014). Calculativeness and Trust: A View from Phenomenology. Journal of Trust Research, 4(1), pp. 34– 43.

Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press.

Gordon, M.R. (1997). The Anatomy of a Misunderstanding. The New York Times, 25 May 1997, p. E3.

Grove, T. & Warren, S. (2014). Special Report: Where Ukraine’s Separatists Get Their Weapons. Reuters, 29 July 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.reuters.com/assets/print?aid=USKBN0FY0UA20140729.

Hardin, R. (1992). The Street-Level Epistemology of Trust. Analyse & Kritik, 14, pp. 152–176.

Hardin, R. (2002). Trust and Trustworthiness. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Hardin, R. (2006). Trust. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Haukkala, H., Johanna, V. & van de Wetering, C. (2015). Trust in International Relations– A Useful Tool? Journal of Trust Research, 5(1), pp. 3–7.

Haukkala, H. (2015). From Cooperative to Contested Europe? The Conflict in Ukraine as a Culmination of a Long-Term Crisis in EU–Russia Relations. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 23(1), pp. 25–40.

Hoffman, A.M. (2006). Building Trust: Overcoming Suspicion in International Relations. Albany, NY : SUNY Press.

Itzkowitz, S. & Joshua, R. (2014). Put It in Writing: How the West Broke Its Promise to Moscow. Foreign Affairs, 29 October 2014. Retrieved from: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2014-10-29/put-it-writing.

James, Jr. & Harvey, S. (2014). You can have your trust and calculativeness, too: Uncertainty, trustworthiness and the Williamson thesis. Journal of Trust Research, 4(1),pp. 57–65.

Johnson, D. (2015). Russia’s Approach to Conflict – Implications for NATO’s Deterrence and Defence. NDC Research Paper, 111 (April 2015). Rome: NATO Defence College.

Kissinger, H. (2014). To Settle the Ukraine Crisis, Start at the End. The Washington Post, 5 March 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/henry-kissinger-to-settle-the-ukraine-crisis-start-at-the-end/2014/03/05/46dad868-a496-11e3-8466-d34c451760b9_story.html.

Kramer, A.E. & Gordon, M.R. (2014). Russia Sent Tanks to Separatists in Ukraine, U.S. Says. The New York Times, 13 June 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/14/world/europe/ukraine-claims-full-control-of-port-city-of-mariupol.html.

Kramer, M. (2009). The Myth of a No-NATO-Enlargement Pledge to Russia. The Washington Quarterly, 32(2), pp. 39–61.

Krylov, Anton. (2015). Pobedu “Zapada” Rossiya Nikogda ne Priznaet [Russia will Never Recognize the Victory of the “West”]. Vzgliad, 10 February 2015. Retrieved from: http://vz.ru/columns/2015/2/10/728682.html.

Kydd, A.H. (2005). Trust and Mistrust in International Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Larson, D.W. (1997a). Anatomy of Mistrust: U.S.-Soviet Relations During the Cold War. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.

Larson, D.W. (1997b). Trust and Missed Opportunities in International Relations. Political Psychology, 18(3), pp. 701–734.

Laruelle, M. (2015). The Three Colors of Novorossiya, or the Russian Nationalist Mythmaking of the Ukrainian Crisis. Post-Soviet Affairs [published ahead of printing, on 20 March 2015]. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1060586X.2015.1023004.

Lavrov, S. (2011). Vistuplenie Ministra Inostrannikh Del Rossii S.V. Lavrova na Otrkitii Zasedaniya “Kruglogo Stola” na Temu “Obshchestvennaya Diplomatiya kak Instrument Vneshnei Politiki i Razvitiya Grazhdanskogo Obshchestva” [FM Lavrov Speech at the Round Table Opening on the issues of Public Diplomacy in Foreign Policy]. Moscow, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 12 December 2011. Retrieved from: www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/newsline/88EDE46B7ED6659044257964005D6EB9.

Levy, J.S. (1987). Declining Power and the Preventive Motivation for War. World Politics, 40(1), pp. 82–107.

Lucas, Edward. (2012). Deception: The Untold Story of East-West Espionage Today. New York: Walker & Company.

Mearsheimer, J.J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

Mearsheimer, J.J. (2011). Why Leaders Lie: The Truth about Lying in International Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Mearsheimer, J.J. & van Evera, S. (1995). When Peace Means War. The New Republic,18 December 1995, pp. 16–21.

Mercer, J. (2005). Rationality and Psychology in International Politics. International Organization,59(1), pp. 95–99.

Miskimmon, A. & O’Loughlin, B. (2014). Weaponising Information: Putin, the West and Competing Strategic Narratives of Ukraine. European Geostrategy, 18 December 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.europeangeostrategy.org/2014/12/weaponising-information-putin-west-competing-strategic-narratives-ukraine.

N.S. (2014). Ukraine’s Unhappy Ceasefire. The Economist, 7 September 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.economist.com/node/21616093.

Nielsen, B.B. (2011). Trust in Strategic Alliances: Toward a Co-Evolutionary Research Model. Journal of Trust Research, 1(2), pp. 159–176.

Pomerantsev, P. & Weiss, M. (2014). The Menace of Unreality: How the Kremlin Weaponizes Information, Culture and Money. New York: The Interpteter / I nstitute of Modern Russia (IMR).

Pomerantsev, P. (2014). Nothing is True and Everything is Possible: The Surreal Heart of New Russia. New York: PublicAffairs.

Rathbun, B.C. (2012). From Vicious to Virtuous Circle: Moralistic Trust, Diffuse Reciprocity, and the American Security Commitment to Europe. European Journal of International Relations, 18(2), pp. 323–344.

Reisinger, H. & Aleksandr, G. (2014). Russia’s Hybrid Warfare: Waging War Below the Radar of Traditional Collective Defence. NDC Research Paper, 105 (November 2014). Rome: NATO Defence College.

Rengger, N. (1997). The Ethics of Trust in World Politics. International Affairs, 73(3), pp. 469– 487.

RFP. (2008). Kontseptsiya Vneshnei Politiki Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation].” Approved by President of the Russian Federation V. Putin on 15 July 2008. Retrieved from: kremlin.ru/acts/785.

RFP. (2013). Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation. Approved by President of the Russian Federation V. Putin on 12 February 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/0/76389FEC168189ED44257B2E0039B16D.

Richmond, O.P. (2008). Peace in International Relations. London and New York: Routledge.

Richmond, O.P. (2015). The Dilemmas of a Hybrid Peace: Negative or Positive? Cooperation and Conflict, 50(1), pp. 50–68.

Ruzicka, J. & Wheeler, N.J. (2010). The Puzzle of Trusting Relationships in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. International Affairs, 86(1), pp. 69–85.

Sakwa, R. (2013). The Cold Peace: Russo-Western Relations as a Mimetic Cold War. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 26(1), pp. 203–224.

Sarotte, M.E. (2014). A Broken Promise? What the West Really Told Moscow About NATO Expansion. Foreign Affairs, 93(5), pp. 90–97.

Sztompka, P. (1999). Trust: A Sociological Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

UNIAN. (2014). ES nazval zayalenie svoego spikera o rossiyskom vtorzhenii v Ukrainu ego lichnym mneniem [EU called the statement on Russian invasion of Ukraine a personal opinion of its speaker]. UNIAN, 28 August 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.unian.net/politics/956376-es-nazval-zayavlenie-svoego-spikera-o-rossiyskom-vtorjenii-v-ukrainu-ego-lichnyim-mneniem.html.

Uslaner, E.M. (2002). The Moral Foundations of Trust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Voyennaya Doktrina. (2014). Voyennaya Doktrina Rossiyskoi Federacii [Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation]. Approved by the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin on 26 December 2014. Retrieved from: http://static.kremlin.ru/media/events/files/41d527556bec8deb3530.pdf.

Weiss, M. & James, M. (2014). Putin Sends His “Leopard” to the Battlefield of Eastern Ukraine. Foreign Policy, 13 November 2014. Retrieved from: http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/11/13/putin-sends-his-leopard-to-the-battlefield-of-eastern-ukraine.

Wood, A. (2014). Ceasefire in Ukraine is a Mirage. Chatham House Comment, 6 October 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/15956?dm_i=1TYG,2V5XK,BLOK4C,ADT72,1.

The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies

Downloads

  • PDF (Język Polski)

Published

2018-10-15

How to Cite

1.
TYUSHKA, Andryj. TRUST, TRUTH AND TRUCE TRAPPED IN HYBRIDITY OF MODERN INTER-STATE CONFLICTS: AN EARLY ASSESSMENT OF THE RUSSO-WESTERN PROXY WAR IN UKRAINE. The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies. Online. 15 October 2018. No. 1 (7), pp. 7-29. [Accessed 8 July 2025]. DOI 10.12775/cjps.2015.01.01.
  • ISO 690
  • ACM
  • ACS
  • APA
  • ABNT
  • Chicago
  • Harvard
  • IEEE
  • MLA
  • Turabian
  • Vancouver
Download Citation
  • Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  • BibTeX

Issue

No. 1 (7) (2015)

Section

Articles

Stats

Number of views and downloads: 390
Number of citations: 0

Search

Search

Browse

  • Browse Author Index
  • Issue archive

User

User

Current Issue

  • Atom logo
  • RSS2 logo
  • RSS1 logo

Newsletter

Subscribe Unsubscribe

Language

  • English
  • Język Polski

Tags

Search using one of provided tags:

hybridity, (dis)trust, peace, war, Russian-Western conflict, Ukraine
Up

Akademicka Platforma Czasopism

Najlepsze czasopisma naukowe i akademickie w jednym miejscu

apcz.umk.pl

Partners

  • Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie
  • Akademickie Towarzystwo Andragogiczne
  • Fundacja Copernicus na rzecz Rozwoju Badań Naukowych
  • Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla Polskiej Akademii Nauk
  • Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
  • Instytut Tomistyczny
  • Karmelitański Instytut Duchowości w Krakowie
  • Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego
  • Państwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych w Krośnie
  • Państwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych we Włocławku
  • Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa im. Stanisława Pigonia w Krośnie
  • Polska Fundacja Przemysłu Kosmicznego
  • Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne
  • Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze
  • Towarzystwo Miłośników Torunia
  • Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
  • Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
  • Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
  • Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika
  • Uniwersytet w Białymstoku
  • Uniwersytet Warszawski
  • Wojewódzka Biblioteka Publiczna - Książnica Kopernikańska
  • Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Pelplinie / Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne „Bernardinum" w Pelplinie

© 2021- Nicolaus Copernicus University Accessibility statement Shop