The breaking down of contemporary state neutrality: the case of Sweden`s non-alliance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/CJPS.2019.006Słowa kluczowe
evolution of neutrality, neutrality policy, military neutrality, Sweden's non-allianceAbstrakt
This article is a review and its main purpose is to show the evolution of the idea of neutrality as well as its contemporary understanding in selected cases. At the present time traditional neutrality seems to be an anachronism, and its contemporary forms are an expression of the adaptation of states to changing international conditions. The evolution of the concept began with neutrality abandoning its economic dimension and then reducing its military one. The distinction between war and conflict in the UN`s sense gave the neutral state the opportunity to participate in armed intervention, which in reality meant shifting from neutrality towards non-alliance. For example, Sweden is playing a specific political game to gain benefits from neutrality.
Bibliografia
Bildt, C. (2018, Oct 18). The end of Scandinavian non-alignment. The Strategist [blog]. Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Retrieved from https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-end-of-scandinavian-non-alignment/
Bjereld, U., & Ekengren, A. M. (2004). Cold War Historiography in Sweden. In T. B. Olesen (Ed.), The Cold War and the Nordic Countries: Historiography at a Crossroads, (pp. 143–175). Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark.
Chaney, K. A. (2017). NATO or Neutrality? Decisions by Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden [MA thesis]. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September 2017. Retrieved from https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1046807.pdf
Czarny, R. M. (2017). Neutrality in Swedish Foreign Policy in the Postwar Twenty Years. Studia i Materiały Wydziału Zarządzania i Administracji Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej im. Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach, 4(2), 133–150.
Czarny, R. M. (2018). Sweden: From Neutrality to International Solidarity. Springer International Publishing. DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-77513-5
European Defence Agency (EDA). (n.d.). European Permanent Structural Cooperation (PESCO). Retrieved from https://www.eda.europa.eu/what-we-do/our-current-priorities/permanent-structured-cooperation-(pesco)
European External Action Service (EEAS). (2016). Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe. A Global Strategy for the European Union`s Foreign and Security Policy. Retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/eu-global-strategy/17304/global-strategy-european-unions-foreign-and-security-policy_en
Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports (DDPS) in conjunction with the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (n.d.). Swiss Neutrality [Brochure]. Retrieved from https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/eda/en/.../Swiss%20neutrality.pdf
Gotkowska, J., & Szymański, P. (2016, Mar 31). Proamerykańska bezaliansowość. Szwecja i Finlandia rozszerzają współpracę wojskową z USA. Komentarze OSW.
Government Offices of Sweden. (2015). The Swedish Defense Bill 2016-2020. Retrieved from https://www.government.se/government-policy/defence/the-swedish-defence-bill-2016-2020/
Gummesson, J. (2015, 13 Sep). Stärkt opinion för Natomedlemskap, Svenska Dagbladet. Retrieved from https://www.svd.se/starkt-opinion-for-natomedlemsskap
Huldt, B. (2003). Comments on the Swedish positions, In H. Ojanen (Ed.), Neutrality and non-alignment in Europe today, (pp. 46–51). The Finnish Institute of International Affairs Report No. 6, Helsinki: The Finnish Institute of International Affairs.
Joenniemi, P. (1993). Neutrality beyond the Cold War. Review of International Studies, 19(3).
Kaljurand, R. (2019). The Hem and Haw of Sweden`s Relationship with NATO. ICDS International Centre for Defence and Security. Retrieved from https://icds.ee/the-hem-and-haw-of-swedens-relationship-with-nato/
Karsh, E. (1988). Neutrality and Small States. London: Routledge.
Kobierecka, A. (2016) Uwarunkowania szwedzkiej polityki neutralności. Polityka i Społeczeństwo, 4, 141–154.
Malmborg, M. (2001). Neutrality and State-building in Sweden. Palgrave Macmillan UK. DOI 10.1057/9781403900920
NATO. (2013, Jan 14). Sweden: one of NATO’s most active and effective partners. Retrieved from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_93853.htm
Pace, J., & Lemire, J. (2017)., Trump scolds fellow NATO leaders: Spend more for military. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/2ed02c1ee7c64061a2bf146bfb0a4b2c/Trump-scolds-fellow-NATO-leaders:-Spend-more-for-military
Popławski, D. (2013). Między bezstronnością a solidarnością międzynarodową. Polityka bezpieczeństwa państw neutralnych i bezaliansowych po zimnej wojnie, Warszawa: Scholar.
Sobczyk, K. (2015). Polityka bezpieczeństwa Szwecji – neutralność i bezaliansowość oraz ich perspektywy w obliczu konfliktu rosyjsko-ukraińskiego. Bezpieczeństwo narodowe, 4, 41–61.
United Nations Peacekeeping (n.d.). Sweden. Retrieved from https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/sweden
Statista. (2019). Exports of arms from Sweden in 2017, by country. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/865459/exports-of-arms-from-sweden-by-country/
Swedish Armed Forces. (2017). Current International Missions. Retrieved from https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/activities/current-international-missions2/
Swedish Armed Forces. (n.d.). AURORA 17. Stronger Defence Together. Retrieved from https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/activities/exercises/aurora-17/
Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs (2019). The Government’s Statement of Foreign Policy 2019. Retrieved from https://www.government.se/speeches/20192/02/the-governments-statement-of-foreign-policy-2019/
The European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats (Hybrid CoE). (2017). What Is Hybrid Coe? Retrieved from https://www.hybridcoe.fi/what-is-hybridcoe/
Trossmark, R. (2018, 3 Apr). Swedish Membership in NATO?: To be or not to be? Reviewing the perspectives in the Swedish debate. The Perspective. Retrieved from http://www.theperspective.se
Wezeman, P. D., Fleurant A., Kuimova A., Tian N., & Wezeman S. T. (2018), Trends in International Arms Transfers 2017. SIPRI Fact Sheet March 2018. Retrieved from https://www.sipri.org/publications/2018/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-international-arms-transfers-2017
Wezeman, P. D., Fleurant, A., Kuimova, A., Tian, N., & Wezeman, S. T. (2019), Trends in International Arms Transfers 2018. SIPRI Fact Sheet, March 2019. Retrieved from https://www.sipri.org/publications/2019/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-international-arms-transfers-2018
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Statystyki
Liczba wyświetleń i pobrań: 253
Liczba cytowań: 0