Much Pain, Little Gain: The Consequences of the Iraq War for Iraqis and Americans
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/18263Słowa kluczowe
Iraq, America, democracy, Islam, Middle EastAbstrakt
The aim of this study is to provide details about contemporary reality in Iraq and the impact of the American invasion on Iraq and American interests in the ten years since 2003. The analysis of the various source material, including survey results, policy statements, and statistical data reveals that, while the invasion brought gains to both the Iraqis and the Americans, it did so at a great cost. The assessment of the outcome of that invasion is complicated by the fact that contemporary Iraq was influenced by two decades of the rule of Saddam Hussein, who dominated the government and repressed his real and imagined foes. In March 2003 the US hoped for a quick win; however, its troops were to remain in Iraq until December 2011, giving it significant influence throughout this period. While ten years have passed since the invasion, only ten years have passed and that may not be an adequate time frame in which to identify and evaluate gains and losses.
Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14763
Bibliografia
‘Suffering’ in Iraq Highest since 2008, Gallup, http://www.gallup.com/poll/151940/suffering-iraq-highest-2008.aspx.
Global Terrorism Index: Capturing the Impact of Terrorism in the Last Decade, Institute of Economics and Peace, http://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2012-Global-Terrorism-Index-Report1.pdf.
al-Sheik S., Sky E., Is Iraq an Iranian Proxy?, Foreign Policy, www.foreignpolicy.com.
Anderson T., Bush’s Wars, New York 2011.
Anderson T., Bush’s Wars, op.cit.; A. Allawi, The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace, New Haven 2007.
At a Crossroads: Human Rights in Iraq Eight Years after the U.S.-Led Invasion, Human Rights Watch, p. 1, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2011/02/21/crossroads.
Blinken A., Morning in Mesopotamia, “Foreign Affairs” July/August 2012.
Civilian Deaths from Violence in 2012, Iraq Body Count, http://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/2012.
Cordesman A., Khazi S., Iraq After US Withdrawal: US Policy and the Iraqi Search for Security and Stability, “Center for Strategic and International Studies”, p. 4, http://csis.org/publication/iraq-after-us-withdrawal.
Dao J., Cost of Treating Veterans Will Rise Long Past Wars, “New York Times” July 27, 2011.
Déjà vu All Over Again? Iraq’s Escalating Political Crisis, International Crisis Group,
Essential Services Factsheet, Iraq Knowledge Network, http://www.iauiraq.org/documents/1583/ServicesFactsheet-English.pdf.
Foreign Policy in the New Millennium: Results of the 2012 Chicago Council Survey of American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy, Chicago Council on Global Affairs, http://www.thechicagocouncil.org/UserFiles/File/Task%20Force%20Reports/2012_CCS_Report.pdf.
Freedom in the World 2003, Freedom House, http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2003/Iraq.
Freedom in the World 2012, Freedom House, http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/iraq.
Freedom in the World 2012, Freedom House; At a Crossroads, Human Rights Watch; Iraq Index (January 31, 2012): Tracking the Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq, Brookings, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Centers/saban/iraq%20index/index20120131.PDF.
Gallup/ORC Opinion Poll (December 16–18, 2011), Polling Report, http://pollingreport. com/iraq.htm); Foreign Policy in the New Millennium, Chicago Council on Global Affairs
Global Opinion of Obama Slips, International Policies Faulted, Pew Global AttitudesProject, http://www.pewglobal.org/2012/06/13/chapter-1-views-of-the-u-s-and-americanforeign-policy-4/.
Gordon M. , In US Exit from Iraq, Failed Efforts and Challenges, “New York Times” September 22, 2012.
Gordon M., Schmitt E., Arango T., Flow of Arms to Syria Through Iraq Persists, to U.S. Dismay, “New York Times” December 1, 2012.
Hard Lessons: The Iraq Reconstruction Experience (2009), Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, http://www.sigir.mil/files/HardLessons/Hard_Lessons_Report.pdf#view=fit.
Human Development Report 2011: Sustainable and Equity: A Better Future for All, United Nations Development Program, http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2011/download/>.
Iraq Index (July 2012), Brookings; Freedom in the World 2012, Freedom House.
Jervis D., Mugged by Reality: The American Experience in Iraq, “South African Journal of International Affairs” 2009, No. 16;
Katzman K., Iraq: Governance, Politics, and Human Rights, “Congressional Reference Service” December 13, 2012, pp. 13–14, 25, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS21968.pdf.
Lewis C., Reading-Smith M., False Pretenses: Following 9/11, President Bush and Seven Top Officials of His Administration Waged a Carefully Orchestrated Campaign of Misinformation about Saddam Hussein’s Iraq, “Center for Public Integrity” January 23, 2008, http://www.publicintegrity.org/2008/01/23/5641/false-pretenses.
Marshall M., Cole B., Global Report 2011: Conflict, Governance, and State Fragility, “Center for Systematic Peace”, p. 30, http://www.systemicpeace.org/GlobalReport2011.pdf.
Mueller J., The Iraq Syndrome, “Foreign Affairs” November/December 2005.
Opinion Briefing: Discontent and Division in Iraq, Gallup, http://www.gallup.com/poll/153128/opinion-briefing-discontent-division-iraq.aspx.
Parker N., The Iraq We Left Behind, “Foreign Affairs” March/April 2012.
Quarterly Report to the United States Congress (October 30, 2012), Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, http://www.sigir.mil/publications/quarterlyreports/October2012.html.
Rogin J., U.S. Can’t Produce $1 Billion of Fuel Receipts in Iraq, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com.
Samuels D. , A Conversation with Colin Powell, “Atlantic Magazine” April 2007.
Sanger D., Confront and Conceal: Obama’s Secret Wars and the Surprising Use ofAmerican Power, New York 2012.
Stiglitz J., Bilmes L., The True Cost of the Iraq War: $3 Trillion and Beyond, “Washington Post” September 10, 2010.
The Failed States Index 2012, Fund for Peace, http://www.fundforpeace.org/global/?q=fsi;Country Profile: Iraqi, Fund for Peace.
The Failed States Index: Country Profiles, Iraq, Fund for Peace, p. 3, http://www.fundforpeace.org/global/?q=states-iraq.
The Paperwork Mountain at Veterans Affairs, “New York Times” 23 November 2012.
The U.S. Global Leadership Project, Meridian International Center and Gallup, http://www.gallup.com/poll/153959/Global-Leadership-Project.aspx.
Tripp C., A History of Iraq, New York 2007.
Velasco A., The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11, “Congressional Research Service” March 29, 2011, p. 1,
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33110.pdf.
World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html.
Younis N., Time to Get Tough on Iraq, “New York Times” October 30, 2012.
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Statystyki
Liczba wyświetleń i pobrań: 0
Liczba cytowań: 0