Elevation-moderated thermal controls on Snow Melt Sensitivity: a remote sensing-based SMSI framework for Gulmarg in Jammu and Kashmir, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/bgeo-2026-0011Keywords
Snow cover, Melting Sensitivity, Himalaya, LST, Elevation, IndiaAbstract
Snowmelt conditions in high-altitude environments are increasingly influenced by rising temperatures, changing climatic conditions and local topography. The present study develops a multispectral geospatial framework to draw a Snow Melt Sensitivity Index (SMSI) for the Gulmarg region of Jammu and Kashmir using Landsat-9 OLI/TIRS and SRTM-DEM datasets. Four multispectral snow indices, namely Normalised Difference Snow Index (NDSI), Normalised Difference Snow-Cover Index (NDSCI), Normalised Difference Snow Moisture Index (NDSMI) and Snow Wetness Index (SWI) were integrated with Land Surface Temperature (LST) and elevation data. All variables were standardised using Z-score normalisation and weighted objectively through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). SMSI classification indicates that 67.79% of the region falls under moderate melt sensitivity, while 16.54% lies in high to very high sensitivity zones, primarily below 3,000 m elevation. Strong positive correlation between LST and SMSI (r=0.72) confirms thermal dominance in melt processes. The findings highlight elevation-moderated thermal control over snow dynamics and provide a robust framework for climate-sensitive mountain hydrology assessment.
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