Bezsporne kryteria współczesnej klasyfikacji rozrodu zwierząt
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/KOSMOS.2025.031Słowa kluczowe
jajorodność, żyworodność, kręgowce, lecytotrofia, matrotrofia, inkubacja zarodkówAbstrakt
Obecna klasyfikacja rozrodu na jajorodność i żyworodność stosuje kryteria: produktu uwalnianego przez samice (gametę/jajo versus zarodek) oraz źródła pokarmu/energii dla rozwoju zarodka. Jajorodność, pierwotna strategia występuje w każdej z gromad kręgowców. Charakteryzuje się składaniem gamet lub rozwijających się zarodków w osłonkach zawierających obligatoryjnie żółtko powstałe podczas witellogenezy. Żyworodność wykształciła się z jajorodności poprzez wydłużanie czasu przetrzymywania zarodków. Początkowe formy żyworodności (obecnie ż. lecytotroficzna) sprawiały trudności w klasyfikacji, zwłaszcza u ryb chrzęstnoszkieletowych, płazów i gadów, u których stosowano dawniej termin „jajożyworodność”. Żyworodność pojawiła się niezależnie w każdej z gromad, z wyjątkiem ptaków, charakteryzując się coraz dłuższym przetrzymywaniem zarodków w drogach układu rozrodczego samic (ciążą) po wyczerpaniu się żółtka. Sprzyjało to ochronie, wzrostowi masy ciała oraz zaawansowaniu rozwoju zarodka, kosztem dostarczania substancji odżywczych przez samicę (matrotrofia), wchłanianych przez powierzchnie ciała, pobieranych przez układ pokarmowy lub przekazywanych przez łożyska. Podobne adaptacje wytworzyły organizmy rodzicielskie ryb i płazów inkubując zarodki poza układem rozrodczym samicy.
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