Land-use dynamics and land fragmentation: ecological challenges and consequences - a review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/EQ.2026.051Keywords
ecological resilience, habitat fragmentation, land cover change, land use, landscape sustainabilityAbstract
Land fragmentation has emerged as a critical environmental challenge affecting ecosystem connectivity, land-use efficiency, and the sustainable management of natural resources. This review synthesizes and examines the drivers of land fragmentation, with particular emphasis on its ecological consequences, ecosystem connectivity, ecosystem services and landscape resilience, while assessing the geospatial approaches to detect fragmentation. A narrative review approach was employed using comprehensive literature from major academic databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Key patterns were identified, reviewed and organized thematically under major dimensions in the analysis. The study revealed that land cover may cause changes under permanent, semi-permanent or temporary with their persistence and spatial characteristics influencing the fragmentation process. Large dams, expressways and reservoirs are man-made features that remain for a long time after construction and could generate fragmentation in the existing features of the land cover. Natural disturbances can also produce rapid and temporary but persistent changes in landscape structure. Geospatial and landscape metric approaches have progressively improved the detection and assessment of land cover change and fragmentation. Despite methodological advances, challenges remain in integrating spatial analysis with ecological interpretation and translating fragmentation assessments into coordinated land-management and policy decisions. The challenge lies in operationalizing these tools effectively for informed policy, institutional coordination, and evidence-based land management.
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