Evaluating the environmental effects of open dumps and waste farming: A case study
Effects of Open Dumping
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/EQ.2024.046Keywords
Geoaccumulation index, bioaccumulation concentration, toxic metals, ecological risk, health riskAbstract
Dhapa, the landfill situated in Kolkata, is a very active site for municipal dumping. A humongous amount of municipal solid waste is added in this dump daily and the nearby farmlands produce a significant yield for the local population. The current study seeks to examine the environmental associated with leachate migration due to open dumping of unsorted solid waste in Dhapa, Kolkata, India. Also, the second goal of the study is to assess the risk to public health associated with the consumption of agricultural products possibly contaminated with heavy metals through soil and groundwater. The seasonal soil and groundwater sample, and samples of products grown near the landfill were collected around the periphery of Dhapa. The presence of heavy metals in the samples was determined using classical methods in a specialized laboratory. The soil and groundwater results compared to FAO/WHO, and BIS/WHO was found that toxic metal Cd, Cr, Zn, Pb & Hg were present in high concentrations. For the vegetables grown at the site fields, multiple samples were collected as multiple different vegetables are grown around the year, it was found that mainly Cd, Cr, Zn, Pb and Hg exceeding Indian permissible standards of consumptions many fold. Finally by the use of multiple indices like Average Daily Dose (ADD) & Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) along with Hazard Quotient (HQ) it was found that carcinogenic risk, on human health, was highest in the ground water and vegetables. The current study fills the gap associated with the scientific substantiation of actively developing environmental hazards at the regional level.
References
Aiman U., Mahmood A., Waheed S. & Malik R.N., 2016, Enrichment, geo-accumulation and risk surveillance of toxic metals for different environmental compartments from Mehmood Booti dumping site, Lahore city, Pakistan. Chemosphere 144: 2229–2237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.077
Akanchise T., Boakye S., Borquaye L.S., Dodd M. & Darko G., 2020, Distribution of heavy metals in soils from abandoned dump sites in Kumasi, Ghana. Scientific African 10, e00614.
Alao J.O., Fahad A., Abdo H.G., Ayejoto D.A., Almohamad H., Ahmad M.S., ... & Joy A.O., 2023, Effects of dumpsite leachate plumes on surface and groundwater and the possible public health risks. Science of The Total Environment 897, 165469.
American Cancer Society (ACS), 2024, Known and Probable Human Carcinogens. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/understanding-cancer-risk/known-and-probable-human-carcinogens.html
Ametepey S.T., Cobbina S.J., Akpabey F.J., Duwiejuah A.B., Ametepey S.T., Cobbina S.J., Akpabey F.J., Duwiejuah A.B. & Abuntori Z.N., 2018, Health risk assessment and heavy metal contamination levels in vegetables from Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. International Journal of Food Contamination 5(1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40550-018-0067-0
Bello S., Zakari Y.I., Ibeanu I.G.E. & Muhammad B.G., 2016, Characterization and assessment of heavy metal pollution levels in soils of Dana steel limited dumpsite, Katsina state Nigeria using geo-accumulation, ecological risk and hazard indices. American Journal of Engineering Research 5(1): 49–61.
Bhalla B., Saini M.S. & Jha M.K., 2014, Assessment of municipal solid waste landfill leachate treatment efficiency by leachate pollution index. Assessment 3(1): 8447–8454.
Bhatnagar J.P. & Awasthi S.K., 2000, Prevention of food adulteration act (act no. 37 of 1954) alongwith central & state rules (as amended for 1999). Ashoka Law House.
Cao H.C., Luan Z.Q., Wang J.D. & Zhang X.L., 2009, Potential ecological risk of cadmium, lead and arsenic in agricultural black soil in Jilin Province, China. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 23: 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-007-0195-1
Chen H., Teng Y., Lu S., Wang Y. & Wang J., 2015, Contamination features and health risk of soil heavy metals in China. Science of The Total Environment 512: 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.025
Countryeconomy.com, 2022, India - Life expectancy at birth. https://countryeconomy.com/demography/life-expectancy/india
De S., Maiti S.K., Hazra T., Debsarkar A. & Dutta A., 2017, Appraisal of seasonal variation of groundwater quality near an uncontrolled municipal solid waste landfill in Kolkata, India. The Global NEST Journal 9(3): 367–376. https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.002172.
Ekere N.R., Ugbor M.C.J., Ihedioha J.N., Ukwueze N.N. & Abugu H.O., 2020, Ecological and potential health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and food crops grown in abandoned urban open waste dumpsite. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 18: 711–721.
El Morabet R., Khan R.A., Alsubih M., Khan N.A., Yusuf M., Khan P., ... & Lutsak O., 2023, Epidemiology study of Diarrhoea, Cholera, Typhoid, Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E in Middle East and North Africa Region. Ecological Questions 34(4): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.12775/EQ.2023.044
Enyinna P.I. & Nte F.U., 2013, Estimation of Soil Hazard Quotient of Some Identified Heavy Metals from an Abandoned Municipal Waste Disposal Site in Aba, Nigeria. International Journal of Natural Sciences Research 3(8): 89–93.
EPA, 2014, Priority Pollutant List. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-09/documents/priority-pollutant-list-epa.pdf.
FAO/WHO, 1995, General standard for contaminants and toxins in food and feed, CXS 193-1995 (Adopted in 1995; Revised in 1997, 2006, 2008, 2009). https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/en/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCXS%2B193-1995%252FCXS_193e.pdf.
Gujre N., Mitra S., Soni A., Agnihotri R., Rangan L., Rene E.R. & Sharma M.P., 2021, Speciation, contamination, ecological and human health risks assessment of heavy metals in soils dumped with municipal solid wastes. Chemosphere 262, 128013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128013
Guo G., Zhang D. & Wang Y., 2019, Probabilistic human health risk assessment of heavy metal intake via vegetable consumption around Pb/Zn smelters in Southwest China. International journal of environmental research and public health 16(18), 3267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183267
Hakanson L., 1980, An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Research 14(8): 975–1001.
Han Z., Ma H., Shi G., He L., Wei L. & Shi Q., 2016, A review of groundwater contamination near municipal solid waste landfill sites in China. Science of the Total Environment 569: 1255–1264.
Hanoshenko O., Vambol V., Vambol S., Yeremenko S., Fialka M.I., Bodnar I. & Inozemtseva O., 2022, Medical waste generation, handling and crime statistics' analysis in this activity field: a case study of the Poltava region (Ukraine). Ecological Questions 33(3): 79–88. Doi: 10.12775/EQ.2022.026
Hikon B.N. & Yebpella G.G., 2024, Bioavailability of Metals in the Biosphere. Trends in Ecological and Indoor Environment Engineering 2(1): 41–49. https://doi.org/10.62622/TEIEE.024.2.1.41-49
IS 10500, 2012, Indian Standard: DRINKING WATER — SPECIFICATION. https://cpcb.nic.in/wqm/BIS_Drinking_Water_Specification.pdf
Islam S., Ahmed K. & Masunaga S., 2015, Potential ecological risk of hazardous elements in different land-use urban soils of Bangladesh. Science of The Total Environment 512: 94–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.100
Jiang X., Lu W.X., Zhao H.Q., Yang Q.C. & Yang Z.P., 2014, Potential ecological risk assessment and prediction of soil heavy-metal pollution around coal gangue dump. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14(6): 1599–1610. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1599-2014
Lahori A.H., Ahmad S.R., Afzal A., Mierzwa-Hersztek M., Bano S., Muhammad M.T., Saleem I. & Soomro W.A., 2023, Alone and Combined Application of Press Mud Compost and Fuller Earth for Abating Pb and Cd and Enhance Sorghum Growth in Polluted Soils. Trends in Ecological and Indoor Environment Engineering 1(1): 7–15. https://doi.org/10.62622/TEIEE.023.1.1.07-15
Liu M., Wei Y., Salam M., Yuan X., Liu B., He Q., ... & He Y., 2022, Potassium supplement enhanced cadmium removal in a Microcystis aeruginosa photobioreactor: Evidence from actual and simulated wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials 424, 127719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127719
Mishra H., Karmakar S., Kumar R. & Kadambala P., 2018, A long-term comparative assessment of human health risk to leachate-contaminated groundwater from heavy metal with different liner systems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25: 2911–2923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0717-4
Mohammadi A., Mansour S.N., Najafi M.L., Toolabi A., Abdolahnejad A., Faraji M. & Miri M., 2022, Probabilistic risk assessment of soil contamination related to agricultural and industrial activities. Environmental Research 203, 111837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111837
Muller G., 1969, Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the rhine river. Geo Journal 2(3): 108–118. https://sid.ir/paper/618491/en
Nabulo G., Young S.D. & Black C.R., 2010, Assessing risk to human health from tropical leafy vegetables grown on contaminated urban soils. Science of the Total Environment 408(22): 5338–5351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.034
Nai C., Tang M., Liu Y., Xu Y., Dong L., Liu, J. & Huang Q., 2021, Potentially contamination and health risk to shallow groundwater caused by closed industrial solid waste landfills: Site reclamation evaluation strategies. Journal of Cleaner Production 286, 125402.
NFHS, 2024, National Family Health Survey. http://rchiips.org/nfhs/
Onwukeme V.I. & Okechukwu V.U., 2021, Leaching matrix of selected heavy metals from soil to ground water sources in active dumpsites: A case study of Southern Nigeria. IOSR J Environ Sci, Toxicol Food Technol 15(4): 1–18.
Pachura P., Ociepa-Kubicka A. & Skowron-Grabowska B., 2016, Assessment of the availability of heavy metals to plants based on the translocation index and the bioaccumulation factor. Desalination and Water Treatment 57(3): 1469–1477. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1017330
PFAR, 2004, The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act & Rules (PFAR) (as on 1.10.2004). https://www.fssai.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/pfa-acts-and-rules.pdf
Salam M., Alam F., Dezhi S., Nabi G., Shahzadi A., Hassan S.U., ... & Bilal M., 2021, Exploring the role of Black Soldier Fly Larva technology for sustainable management of municipal solid waste in developing countries. Environmental Technology & Innovation 24, 101934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101934
Salam M., Zheng L., Shi D., Huaili Z., Vambol V., Chia S.Y., ... & Ullah E., 2023, Exploring Insect-based technology for waste management and livestock feeding in selected South and East Asian countries. Environmental Technology & Innovation 32, 103260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103260
Sawicka B., Krochmal-Marczak B., Sawicki J., Skiba D., Pszczółkowski P., Barbaś P., ... & Farhan A.K., 2023, White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) Cultivation as a Means of Soil Regeneration and Pursuit of a Sustainable Food System Model. Land 12(4), 838. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12040838
SASSMR, 2017, Semi-Annual Social Safeguard Monitoring Report IND: Kolkata Environmental Improvement Investment Program (KEIIP) – Tranche 2, Project number: 42266-025. https://www.keiip.in/pdf/42266-025-smr-en_0.pdf
Singh A., Sharma R.K., Agrawal M. & Marshall F.M., 2010, Risk assessment of heavy metal toxicity through contaminated vegetables from waste water irrigated area of Varanasi, India. Tropical Ecology 51(2): 375–387.
Singh M., Ansari A.A., Müller G. & Singh I.B., 1997, Heavy metals in freshly deposited sediments of the Gomati River (a tributary of the Ganga River): effects of human activities. Environmental Geology 29: 246–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050123
Sipter E., Auerbach R., Gruiz K. & Mathe‐Gaspar G., 2009, Change of bioaccumulation of toxic metals in vegetables. Communications in soil science and plant analysis 40(1-6): 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620802647165
Sulistyowati L., Nurhasanah N., Riani E. & Cordova M.R., 2023, Heavy metals concentration in the sediment of the aquatic environment caused by the leachate discharge from a landfill. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management 9(2): 323–336.
Tariq F.S., 2021, Heavy metals concentration in vegetables irrigated with municipal wastewater and their human daily intake in Erbil city. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 16, 100475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100475
Turekian K.K. & Wedepohl K.H., 1961, Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust. Geological Society of America Bulletin 72(2): 175–192.
U.S. EPA, 1997, Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (Heast). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1997. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfm?deid=2877
U.S. EPA, 2022, Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values (PPRTVs). https://www.epa.gov/pprtv
U.S. EPA, 2024, Integrated Risk Information System. https://www.epa.gov/iris
Vambol S., Shakhov Y., Vambol V. & Petukhov I., 2016, A mathematical description of the separation of gas mixtures generated by the thermal utilization of waste. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1(2(79)): 35–41. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2016.60486
Vambol V., 2016, Numerical integration of the process of cooling gas formed by thermal recycling of waste. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 6 (8): 48–53.
Vambol V., Kowalczyk-Juśko A., Vambol S., Khan N.A., Mazur A., Goroneskul M. & Kruzhilko O., 2023, Multi criteria analysis of municipal solid waste management and resource recovery in Poland compared to other EU countries. Scientific Reports 13(1), 22053.
Vaverková M.D., Elbl J., Radziemska M., Adamcová D., Kintl A., Baláková L., ... & Brtnický M., 2018, Environmental risk assessment and consequences of municipal solid waste disposal. Chemosphere 208: 569–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.026
Vongdala N., Tran H.D., Xuan T.D., Teschke R. & Khanh T.D., 2019, Heavy metal accumulation in water, soil, and plants of municipal solid waste landfill in Vientiane, Laos. International Journal of Environmental Research and POublic Health 16(1), 22.
Wang Y., Wang F., Cheng Z., Su Q. & Cao Y., 2023, Health risk cause of water around landfill in hilly area and prevention and control countermeasures. Journal of Environmental Management 346, 119019.
Yaqin J.I., Yinchang F.E.N.G., Jianhui W.U., Tan Z.H.U., Zhipeng B.A.I. & Chiqing D.U.A.N., 2008, Using geoaccumulation index to study source profiles of soil dust in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences 20(5): 571–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62096-3
Yuan Y., Xiang M., Liu C. & Theng B.K., 2019, Chronic impact of an accidental wastewater spill from a smelter, China: a study of health risk of heavy metal (loid) s via vegetable intake. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 182, 109401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109401
Zahorodniuk K., Voitsekhovsky V., Korobochka A., Hrynzovskyi A. & Averyanov V., 2019, Development of modernized paper filtering materials for water purification, assessment of their properties. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1(10 (97)): 6–13. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2019.156534
Zhang M., Wang P., Lu Y., Lu X., Zhang A., Liu Z., ... & Sarvajayakesavalu S., 2020, Bioaccumulation and human exposure of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in vegetables from the largest vegetable production base of China. Environment International 135, 105347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105347
Zhang M., Wang P., Lu Y., Lu X., Zhang A., Liu Z., ... & Sarvajayakesavalu S., 2008, Bioaccumulation and human exposure of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in vegetables from the largest vegetable production base of China. Environment International 135, 105347. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2008.490.492
Zhu H.N., Yuan X.Z., Zeng G.M., Jiang M., Liang J., Zhang C., ... & Jiang H.W., 2012, Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Xiawan Port based on modified potential ecological risk index. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 22(6): 1470–1477. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(11)61343-5
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Ria Ghosh, Tumpa Hazra, Indranil Mukherjee, Svitlana Ushcats, Md WasimAkram, Md Athar Akram, Mohd Sayeed Ul Hasan, Tinku Biswas, Sheela Malik, Md Anzar Rabbani, Oleh Vlasenko
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 185
Number of citations: 0