Open questions about the farmlands’ biodiversity preservation in the cities’ peripheries – a Wrocław case (Poland)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/EQ.2023.027Keywords
biodiversity, landscape structure, field woods, land-use planning, sustainable development, green infrastructure, rural-urban fringeAbstract
One of the necessary conditions for sustainable development is maintaining and developing environmental resources. The paper presents and discusses the idea that the field woods in the cities’ agricultural periphery, understood as habitats and not only a collection of trees, should be preserved and managed as a formal element of urban green infrastructure (GI). According to the authors, they should be seen as a great connecting element between urban green and the semi-natural areas outside. Even assuming the future land use transformation, it is worth preserving them from degradation just now. They play a role in protecting natural resources and the functions of ecosystems, expected from elements of GI, as they are a source of dispersion of various species of plants and animals benefit both for agricultural areas located further and for greenery in built-up areas. Using the authors’ own research on the farmland area situated within Wrocław administrative borders, and available literature, the following issues were considered: 1) the geographic and topographic characteristics of field woods, 2) evaluation of the role of field woods studied for the local biodiversity, 3) the risk factors for the degradation or disappearance of field woods and their biodiversity, 4) the legal regulations concerning the protection of field woods in Poland. Some legal and practical solutions are suggested.
References
Afranowicz-Cieślak R., 2011, The participation and role of anthropophytes in the flora of woodlands in the agricultural landscape of Żuławy Wiślane. Acta Botanica Silesiaca 6: 157-170. (in Polish)
Alvey A.A., 2006, Promoting and preserving biodiversity in the urban forest. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 5: 195-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2006.09.003
Aronson M.F.J., Lepczyk C.A., Evans K.L., Goddard M.A., Lerman S.B., MacIvor J.S., Nilon C.H. & Vargo T., 2017, Biodiversity in the city: key challenges for urban green space management. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 15: 189-196.
Bates A.J., Sadler J.P., Fairbrass A.J., Falk S.J., Hale J.D. & Matthews T.J., 2011, Changing bee and hoverfly pollinator assemblages along an urban-rural gradient. PlosOne 6(8): e23459. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023459
Ceynowa-Giełdon M., Adamska E. & Kamiński D., 2017, The importance of habitat islands in the preservation of relict xerothermic and calcicolous epigeic lichens based on the example of the “Ostnicowe Parowy Gruczna” nature reserve (N Poland). Ecological Questions 25: 19–26. DOI 10.12775/EQ.2017.002.
Chappell M.J. & Lavalle L.A., 2011, Food security and biodiversity: can we have both? An agroecological analysis. Agriculture and Human Values 28(1): 3-26.
Clergue B., Amiaud B., Pervanchon F., Lasserre-Joulin F. & Plantureux S., 2005, Biodiversity: function and assessment in agricultural areas. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 25(1): 1-15. DOI: 10.1051/agro:2004049
Cousins S.A.O., 2006, Plant species richness in midfields islets and road verges – the effect of landscape fragmentation. Biological Conservation 127: 500-509. Doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.009
Decocq G., Andrieu E., Brunet J., Chabrerie O., De Frenne P., De Smedt P., Deconchat M., Diekmann M., Ehrmann S., Giffard B., Gorriz Mifsud E., Hansen K., Hermy M., Kolb A., Lenoir J., Liira J., Moldan F., Prokofieva I., Rosenqvist L., Varela E., Valdés A., Verheyen K. & Wulf M., 2016, Ecosystem services from small forest patches in agricultural landscapes. Ecological Function. Current Forestry Reports 2: pp. 30-44. DOI 10.1007/s40725-016-0028-x
Düll R. & Kutzelnigg H., 2005, Taschenlexikon der Pflanzen Deutschlands. Ein botanisch-ökologischer Exkursionsbegleiter zu den wichtigsten Arten. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim.
Edvardsen A., Halvorsen R., Norderhaug A., Pedersen O. & Rydgren K., 2010, Habitat specificity of patches in modern agricultural landscapes. Landscape Ecology 25: 1071-1083.
Dearborn D. C. & Kark S. 2009. Motivations for conserving urban biodiversity. Conservation Biology 24 (2): 432-440. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01328.x
Ebert G. 1994. Die Schmetterlinge Baden-Württembergs Band 4, Nachtfalter II (Bombycidae, Endromidae, Lemoniidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae, Drepanidae, Notodontidae, Dilobidae, Lymantriidae, Ctenuchidae, Nolidae). Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart.
Elmqvist T., Zipperer W.C. & Giineralp B., 2016, Urbanization, habitat loss and biodiversity decline. Solution pathways to break the cycle, [in:] K.C. Seto, W.D. Solecki, C.A. Griffith (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Urbanization and Global Environmental Change, p. 139-151. Routledge London-New York,
European Commission, 2013, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and Committee of the Regions: Green Infrastructure (GI); Enhancing Europe’s Natural Capital. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/
Fenyk M.A., Kuszewska K. & Szumarski W., 2010, Dendroflora of the forest islands in the agricultural landscape of Warmia and Mazury. Sylwan 154: 341-346. (in Polish)
Fitter A., 1987, Blumen. Wildblühende Pflanzen. Biologie, Bestimmen, Ökologie. Pareys Naturführer Plus. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg – Berlin.
Fudali E., Koszelnik-Leszek A., Tomaszewska K., Podlaska M. & Pruchniewicz D., 2015, Ancient woodland indicator plant species in the flora of midfield forest islands on the rural areas in south-western Poland. Zeszyty Naukowe UP we Wrocławiu 610, Seria Biologia i Hodowla Zwierząt 78: 15-34. (in Polish)
Fudali E., Podlaska M. & Koszelnik-Leszek A., 2020, Mid-field woodlots in the agricultural outskirts of Wrocław as enclaves of endangered and rare plant species in the region, [in:] K. Pentoś (ed.), Agriculture of the 21st century - problems and challenges 2020, p. 17-26. Idea Knowledge Future, Świebodzice. (in Polish)
Fudali E., Podlaska M. & Koszelnik-Leszek A., 2021, The vascular flora ecological diversity in the mid-field woodlots situated on the agricultural outskirts of Wrocław. Steciana 25(1): 3-13. Doi:10.12657/steciana.025.001
Gamrat R., 2012, Studies on the diversity of in-field environmental islands in the Ina basin. Habilitation thesis. Wydawnictwo Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, Szczecin, 1-99. (in Polish)
Hlaváček P., Kopáček M. & Horáčková L., 2019, Impact of suburbanization on sustainable development of settlements in suburban spaces: smart and new solutions. Sustainability 11, 7182. Doi: 10.3390/su11247182
Kowarik I., Fisher L.K. & Kendal D., 2020, Biodiversity conservation and sustainable urban development. Sustainability 12, 4964. Doi:10.3390/su12124964
Koszelnik-Leszek A., Podlaska M., Fudali E. & Tomaszewska K., 2015, Diversity of flora of in-field forest islands in the agricultural landscape of south-western Poland in relation to socio-ecological groups. Zeszyty Naukowe UP we Wrocławiu 612, Seria Rolnictwo 63: 29-56. (in Polish)
Le Coeur D., Baudry J., Burel F. & Thenail C., 2002, Why and how we should study field boundary biodiversity in an agrarian landscape context. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 89: 23-40.
Lepczyk C.A., Aronson M.F.J., Evans K.L., Goddard M.A., Lerman S.B. & MacIvor J.S., 2017, Biodiversity in the city: fundamental questions for understanding the ecology of urban green spaces for biodiversity conservation. BioScience 67: 799-807. Doi: 10.1093/biosci/bix079
Lewicki Z. (ed.), 2014, Information booklet on the state of the environment in Wrocław. 2014-2016. LEMITOR Ochrona Środowiska, Wrocław. (in Polish)
Lindborg R., Plue J., Andersson K. & Cousins S.A.O, 2014, Function of small habitat elements for enhancing plant diversity in different agricultural landscapes. Biological Conservation 169: 206-213.
McKinney M.L., 2002, Urbanization, biodiversity and conservation. BioScience 52: 883-890.
McKinney M. L. 2006. Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biological Conservation 127: 247-260. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.005
Orłowski G. & Nowak L., 2005, Species composition of woody vegetation of three types of mid-field woodlots in intensively managed farmland (Wroclaw Plain, south-western Poland). Polish Journal of Ecology 53(1): 25-36.
Oberdorfer E., 2001, Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim).
Orzechowski M. & Trzcianowska M., 2016, Mid-field woodlots in spatial management. Studia i Materiały CEPL w Rogowie 18, 49B/5: 153-163. (in Polish)
Paül V. & McKenzie F.H., 2012, Peri-urban farmland conservation and development of alternative food networks: insights from a case-study area in metropolitan Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). Land Use Policy 30(1): 94-105. Doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.02.09
Pullin A.S., 2002, Nature conservation. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa. (in Polish)
Rostafiński J. & Seidl O., 1973, Guide to the plant identification. PWRiL, Warszawa. (in Polish)
Ryszkowski L., Karg J. & Biernacki Z. 2003. Biocenotic function of the mid-field woodlots in west Poland: study area and research assumption. Polish Journal of Ecology 51(3): 269-281.
Solon J., 2009, Spatial context of urbanization: landscape patterns and changes between 1950 and 1990 in the Warsaw metropolitan area, Poland. Landscape and Urban Planning 93(3-4): 250-261. Doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.07.012
Tscharntke T., Clough Y., Wagner T.C., Jackson L., Motzke I., Perfecto I., Vandermeer J. & Whitbread A., 2012, Global food security, biodiversity conservation and the future of agricultural intensification. Biological Conservation 151: 53-59. Doi:10.1016/jbiocon.2012.01.068
Tomaszewska K., Podlaska M., Koszelnik-Leszek A. & Fudali E., 2016, Floristical diversity of midfield water bodies in the rural landscape of Lower Silesia (SW Poland). Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego we Wrocławiu 617, Rolnictwo 116: 75-90.
Turner G.M, Gardner H.R., O’Neill V.R., 2001, Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice. Pattern and Process. Springer, New York.
Wang H., Shi Y., Zhang A., Cao Y. & Liu H., 2017, Does suburbanization cause ecological deterioration? An empirical analysis of Shanghai, China. Sustainability 9, 124. Doi:10.3390/su9010124
Witt R., 1995, Wildsträucher und Wildrosen. Bestimmen und anpflanzen. Kosmos-Naturführer. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag GmbH und Co., Stuttgart.
Wittig R., 1995, Őkologie der Großstadtflora. Flora und Vegetation der Städtes nordwestlichen Mitteleuropas. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Sttutgard.
Wong D.W.S. & Lee J., 2005, Statistical Analysis of Geographic Information with ArcView GIS and ArcGIS. John Wiley & Sons.
Wuczyński A., Dajdok Z., Wierzcholska S. & Kujawa K., 2014, Applying red lists to the evaluation of agricultural habitat: regular occurence of threathen birds, vascular plants, and bryophytes in field margins of Poland. Biodiversity and Conservation 23(4): 999-1017.
Zakrzewska-Półtorak A., 2017, Towards a compact city? Changes in the functional and spatial structure of Wrocław's urban units. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu 490: 160-169. (in Polish)
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Ewa Fudali, Magda Podlaska, Anna koszelnik-Leszek, Mariusz Szymanowski
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 347
Number of citations: 0
