Adventure Tourism Motivations: A push and pull factor approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2478/bog-2018-0030Keywords
adventure tourism, tourism motivations, push factors, pull factors, South AfricaAbstract
The increased growth and commercialization of adventure tourism led to a number of changes in the profile of the individuals who now engage in adventure activities. As a result, previous understandings of adventure tourism motivations may no longer be valid. This study seeks to investigate the influence of these changes by analyzing the motivations of tourists who have engaged in adventure tourism across a range of commercial adventure activities. This is done through data collected from participants in adventure tourism, throughout South Africa, using a push and pull factor approach to motivations. The results show the increasing influence of the experiences with nature in motivations, particularly in the context of pull factors. The role of risk and thrill in motivations, which has been emphasized in previous literature, is found to be relatively minimal among these respondents. Furthermore, adventure tourism experiences are found to be dynamic, with an increasing number of significant factors influencing decision-making. It also demonstrates notable differences in the motivations of participants, based on the type of activity in which they engage.References
Adventure Travel Trade Association., 2015: Adventure Tourism Development Index 2015. Seattle, WA.
Aref, B., Mohammad, M. A., Puad, A., and Som, M.,
: An analysis of push and pull travel motivations of foreign tourists to Jordan. In: International Journal of Business and Management, 5(12): 41–50.
Beard, J. G., and Ragheb, M. G., 1983: Measuring leisure motivation. In: Journal of Leisure Research, 15(3): 219 – 228. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1983.11969557
Bell, C., and Lyall, J., 2002: The accelerated sublime: Thrill-seeking adventure heroes in the commodified landscape. In Coleman, S. and Crang, M. (Eds.) Tourism: between place and performance. Berghahn Books, New York: 21-37.
Belles, M. E., and Winternberg, L., 2015: 2016 Virtuoso Luxe Report. New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Buckley, R., 2010: Adventure Tourism Management. Butterworth-Heinemann, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Buckley, R., 2012: Rush as a key motivation in skilled adventure tourism: Resolving the risk recreation paradox. In: Tourism Management, 33(4): 961–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.10.002
Carnicelli-Filho, S., Schwartz, G. M., and Tahara, A. K., 2010: Fear and adventure tourism in Brazil. In: Tourism Management, 31(6); 953–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.07.013
Cater, C. I., 2006: Playing with risk? participant perceptions of risk and management implications in adventure tourism. In: Tourism Management, 27(2): 317–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.10.005
Cater, C. I., and Cloke, P., 2007: Bodies in Action: The performity of adventure tourism. In: Anthropology Today, 23(96): 13–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8322.2007.00548.x
Celsi, R. L., Rose, R. L., and Leigh, T. W., 1993: An exploration of high-risk leisure consumption through skydiving. In: Journal of Consumer Research, 20(1): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/209330
Chon, K.-S., 1991: Tourism destination image modification process. In: Tourism Management, 12(1): 68–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(91)90030-W
Cloke, P., and Perkins, H. C., 2002: Commodification and adventure in New Zealand Tourism. In: Current Issues in Tourism, 5(6): 521–549. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500208667939
Crompton, J. L., 1979: Motivations for pleasure vacations. In: Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4): 408–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(79)90004-5
Dann, G., 1977: Anomie, Ego-Enhancement and Tourism. In: Annals of Tourism Research, 4: 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(77)90037-8
Dunlap, R. E., and Van Liere, K. D., 1978: The “New Environmental Paradigm”. In: The Journal of Environmental Education, 40(1): 19–28. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOEE.40.1.19-28
Fluker, M. R., and Turner, L. W., 2000: Needs, motivations, and expectations of a commercial whitewater rafting experience. In: Journal of Travel Research, 38(4): 380–389. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750003800406
Giddy, J. K., 2016a: Adventure tourism in South Africa: Challenges and prospects. In: Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 64(4): 451-455. https://hrcak.srce.hr/170581
Giddy, J. K., 2016b: Environmental Values and Behaviours of Adventure Tourism Operators : The case of the Tsitsikamma, South Africa. In: African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 5(4): 1–19.
Giddy, J. K., 2018: A profile of commercial adventure tourism participants in South Africa. In: Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 29(1): 40-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2017.1366346
Giddy, J. K., and Webb, N. L., 2016a: The influence of the enviornment on adventure tourism: From motivations to experiences. In: Current Issues in Tourism: 1-16.
Giddy, J. K., and Webb, N. L., 2016b: The influence of the environment on motivations to participate in adventure tourism: The case of the Tsitsikamma. In: South African Geographical Journal, 98(2): 351-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2015.1028990
Giddy, J. K., and Webb, N. L., 2018: Environmental attitudes and adventure tourism motivations. In: GeoJournal, 83(2): 275-287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-017-9768-9
Hall, C., 1992: Adventure, sport and health tourism. In: C. M. Hall and B. Weiler (Eds.), Special Interest Tourism. Belhaven Press, London.
Kane, M. J., and Tucker, H., 2004; Adventure tourism: The freedom to play with reality. In: Tourist Studies, 4(3): 217–234. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797604057323
Kim, S. S., Lee, C.-K., and Klenosky, D. B., 2003: The influence of push and pull factors at Korean national parks. In: Tourism Management, 24(2): 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00059-6
Kim, S. S., and Lee, C., 2000: Push and pull relationships. In: Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1): 257–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00043-3
Luo, Y., and Deng, J., 2007: The New Environmental Paradigm and nature-based tourism motivation. In: Journal of Travel Research, 46(4): 392–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507308331
Mccabe, A. S., 2000: Tourism Motivation Process. In: Annals of Tourism Research, 27(4): 1049-1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00130-9
McKay, T., 2013: Adventure tourism: opportunities and management challenges for SADC destinations. In: Acta Academica, 45(3): 30–62. http://hdl.handle.net/11660/2923
McKay, T., 2014: White water adventure tourism on the Ash River, South Africa. In: African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 20(1): 52–75.
McKay, T., 2016: The geography of the South African adventure tourism industry. In: African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 5(3): 1–21.
Naidoo, P., Ramseook-Munhurrun, P., Seebaluck, N. V., and Janvier, S., 2015: Investigating the motivation of baby boomers for adventure tourism. In: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 175: 244–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1197
Pomfret, G., 2006: Mountaineering adventure tourists: a conceptual framework for research. In: Tourism Management, 27(1): 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.08.003
Pomfret, G., 2012: Personal emotional journeys associated with adventure activities on packaged mountaineering holidays. In: Tourism Management Perspectives, 4: 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2012.08.003
Pomfret, G., and Bramwell, B., 2014; The characteristics and motivational decisions of outdoor adventure tourists: a review and analysis. In: Current Issues in Tourism: 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.925430
Prayag, G., and Ryan, C., 2011: The relationship between the ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors of a tourist destination: the role of nationality – an analytical qualitative research approach. In: Current Issues in Tourism, 14(2): 121–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683501003623802
Robinson, D. W., 1992: A descriptive model of enduring risk recreation involvement. In: Journal of Leisure Research, 24(1): 52–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1992.11969871
Rogerson, C. M., 2007: The challenges of developing adventure tourism in South Africa. In: Africa Insight, 37(2): 228–244. DOI: 10.4314/ai.v37i2.22506
Ryan, C., and Glendon, I., 1998: Application of leisure motivation scale to tourism. In: Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1): 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00066-2
Shoham, A., Rose, G. M., and Kahle, L. R., 2000: Practitioners of risky Sports : A quantitative examination. In: Journal of Business Research, 47: 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(98)00093-9
Tveit, M., Ode, Å., and Fry, G., 2006: Key concepts in a framework for analysing visual landscape character. In: Landscape Research, 31(3): 229–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426390600783269
UNWTO, 2017: United Nations World Tourism Organization Annual Report 2016, 74. Retrieved from http://cf.cdn.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/annual_report_2016_web_0.pdf
Uysal, M., and Jurowski, C., 1994: Testing the push and pull factors. In: Annals of Tourism Research, 21,: 844–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)90091-4
Varley, P., 2006: Confecting adventure and playing with meaning: The adventure commodification continuum. In: Journal of Sport & Tourism, 11(2): 173–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080601155217
Walle, A. H., 1997: Pursuing risk or insight: Marketing adventures. In: Annals of Tourism Research, 24(2); 265–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)80001-1
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Title, logo and layout of journal Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series are reserved trademarks of Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series.Stats
Number of views and downloads: 2382
Number of citations: 13
