'Kicking Sand in the Face of Apartheid': Segregated Beaches in South Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1515/bog-2017-0007Abstract
This article makes a contribution to address the overwhelming 'present-mindedness' of tourism geography scholarship. Using a range of archival sources an analysis is undertaken of the rise and demise of racial segregation on South Africa's beaches during the period 1953-1989. The division of beach space along racial lines is an aspect of the implementation of what was termed 'petty apartheid'. This analysis reveals that the national government's attempts to legislate the making of beach segregation were uneven and contested in different coastal centres. By the 1980s, however, mounting opposition and resistance to the apartheid state resulted in the crumbling of beach apartheid and the formal desegregation of beach spaces.References
Butler, R., 2015: The evolution of tourism and tourism research. In: Tourism Recreation Research, Vol. 40 (1), pp. 16-27.
Cirer-Costa, J.C., 2014: Spain’s new coastal destinations. 1883-1936: The mainstay of the development of tourism before the Second World War. In: Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 45, pp. 18-29.
Cooper, C., Motala, S., Shindler, J., McCaul, C. and Ratsomo, T., 1984: Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1983. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations.
Cooper, C., Shindler, J., McCaul, C., Brouard, P.,Mareka, C., Seimon, J., Markovitz, M., Mashabela, M. and Pickard-Cambridge, C., 1987: Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1986. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations.
Cooper, C., Schindler, J., McCaul, C., Hamilton, R., Beale, M., Clemans, A., Kruger, L., Delvare, I. and Moonsamy, J.G., 1989: Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1988/89. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations.
Cooper, C., McCaul, C., Hamilton, R., Delvare, I., Moonsamy, J.G. and Mueller, K., 1990: Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1989/90. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations.
Craggs, R., 2012: Towards a political geography of hotels: Southern Rhodesia, 1958-1962. In: Political Geography, Vol. 31, pp. 215-224.
Durrheim, K. and Dixon, J., 2001: The role of place and metaphor in racial exclusion: South Africa’s beaches as sites of shifting racialization. In: Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 24, pp. 433-450.
Durrheim, K. and Dixon, J., 2005: Racial encounter: The social psychology of contact and desegregation. Oxford: Routledge.
Ferrario, F.F., 1978: An evaluation of the tourist resources of South Africa. Cape Town: University of Cape Town: Cape Town. Department of Geography Publication No. 1.
Ferrario, F.F., 1986: Black and white holidays: The future of the local tourism industry in South Africa. In: Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 13, pp. 331-348.
Ferrario, F.F., 1988 Emerging leisure market among the South African black population. In: Tourism Management, Vol. 9, pp. 23-38.
Gill, A., 2012: Travelling down the road to postdisciplinarity?: Reflections of a tourism geographer. In: Canadian Geographer, Vol. 56, pp. 3-17.
Gordon, L., Blignaut, S., Moroney, S. and Cooper, C., 1978: A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations.
Grundlingh, A., 2006: Revisiting the ‘old’ South Africa: Excursions into South Africa’s tourist history under apartheid, 1948-1990. In: South African Historical Journal, Vol. 56, pp. 103-122.
Hall, C.M., 2013: Framing tourism geography: Notes from the underground. In: Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 43, pp. 601-623.
Hall, C.M. and Page, S.J., 2009: Progress in tourism management: From the geography of tourism to geographies of tourism – A review. In: Tourism Management, Vol. 30, pp. 3-16.
Hoogendoorn, G., and Rogerson, C.M., 2015: Tourism geography in the global South: New South African perspectives. In: South African Geographical Journal, Vol. 97, pp. 101-110.
House of Assembly Debates. (HOAD). Various 1965-1972. Pretoria: Government Printer.
Horrell, M., 1955: A Survey of Race Relation in South Africa 1954-1955, Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations.
Horrell, M., 1961: A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1959-1960, Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations.
Horrell, M., 1963: A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1962, Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations.
Horrell, M., 1964: A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1963, Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations.
Horrell, M., 1965: A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1964, Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations.
Horrell, M., 1966: A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1965, Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations.
Horrell, M., 1967: A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1966, Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations.
Horrell, M., 1969: A Survey of Race Relations, Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations.
Horrell, M., Horner, D., Kane-Berman, J. and Margo, R., 1973: A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations.
Lemon, T., 1991: The apartheid city. In: Lemon, A., editor, Homes Apart: South Africa’s Segregated Cities, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, pp. 2-26.
Mabin, A., 1992: Dispossession, exploitation and struggle: An historical overview of South African urbanization. In: Smith, D.M., editor, The Apartheid City and Beyond: Urbanization and Social Change in South Africa, London: Routledge, pp. 13-24.
Møller, V. and Schlemmer, L., 1982: Attitudes toward beach integration: A comparative study of black and white reactions to multiracial beaches in Durban. Durban: Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Natal.
Natal Mercury (Durban). Various 1970-1984.
Natal Witness (Durban). 1983: 23 February.
Nepal, S.K., 2009: Tourism geographies: A review of trends, challenges and opportunities. In: Jamal, T. and Robinson, M., editors, The SAGE Handbook of Tourism Studies, London: Sage, pp. 130-145.
Pandy, W. and Rogerson, C.M., 2014: The making of the South African timeshare industry: Spatial structure and development challenges. In: Bulletin of Geography: Socio-Economic Series, Vol. 26, pp. 183-201.
Piglia, M., 2011: The awakening of tourism: The origins of tourism policy in Argentina, 1930-1943. In: Journal of Tourism History, Vol. 3, pp. 57-74.
Pirie, G.H., 2009: Incidental tourism: British imperial air travel in the 1930s. In: Journal of Tourism History, 1 (1), 49-66.
Pirie, G.H.,2013: Automobile organizations driving tourism in pre-independence Africa. In: Journal of Tourism History 5 (1), 73-91.
Prochazka, K. and Kruger, L.M., 2001: Trends in beach utilization on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, during and after apartheid. In: Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, Vol. 56, pp. 25-40
Republic of South Africa 1990. Government Gazette, 11 July. Cape Town: Government Printer.
Rogerson, C.M., 2011: From liquor to leisure: The changing South African hotel industry 1928-1968. In: Urban Forum, Vol. 22, pp. 379-394.
Rogerson, C.M., 2014: Rethinking slum tourism: Tourism in South Africa’s rural slumlands. Johannesburg. In: Bulletin of Geography: Socio-Economic Series, Vol. 26, pp. 19-34.
Rogerson, C.M., 2015a: VFR travel in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of South Africa. In: Backer, E. and King, B., editors, VFR Travel Research: International Perspectives, Bristol: Channel View, pp. 277-291.
Rogerson, C.M., 2015b: Restructuring the geography of domestic tourism in South Africa. In: Bulletin of Geography: Socio-Economic Series, Vol. 29, pp. 119-135.
Rogerson, C.M. and Visser, G., (Eds.). 2004: Tourism and Development Issues in Contemporary South Africa. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa.
Rogerson, J.M., 2013: The changing accommodation landscape of Free State, 1936-2010: A case of tourism geography. In: African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Vol 19 (Supplement 2), 86-104.
Rogerson, J.M., 2016: Tourism geographies of the past: The uneven rise and fall of beach apartheid in South Africa. In: Donaldson, R., Visser, G., Kemp J., and de Waal J., editors, #Celebrate Geography: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Conference of the Society of South African Geographers. Stellenbosch: Society for South African Geographers.
Saarinen, J., 2004: ‘Destinations in change’: The transformation process of tourist destinations. In: Tourist Studies, Vol. 4 (2), pp. 161-179
Saarinen, J., 2014: Tourism geographies: Connections with human geography and emerging responsible geographies. In: Geographia Polonica, Vol. 87, pp. 343-352.
Simon, D., 1989: Crisis and change in South Africa: Implications for the apartheid city. In: Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 14 (2), pp. 189-206.
Sunday Times (Johannesburg). Various 1964-2015.
Teversham, E., 2013: The nature of leisure in the Manyeleti game reserve for Africans, South Africa, 1967-1985. In: The International Journal of the History of Sport, Vol. 30, pp. 1877-1888.
The Mercury (Durban) 2015: 26 May.
The Star (Johannesburg). Various 1983-1986.
Thompson, G., 2015: Surfing, gender and politics: Identity and society in the history of South African surfing culture in the twentieth-century. PhD dissertation (History), University of Stellenbosch.
Towner, J., 1995: What is tourism’s history? In: Tourism Management, Vol. 16 (5), pp. 339-343.
Towner, J. and Wall, G., 1991: History and tourism. In: Annals of Tourism Research, Volume 18, pp. 71-84
Union of South Africa 1953: Act to provide for the reservation of public premises and vehicles or portions thereof for the exclusive use of persons of a particular race or class, for the interpretation of laws which provide for such reservation, and for matters incidental thereto. Act 49/1953. Pretoria: Government Printer.
Visser, G. 2016: South African tourism geographies: Progress and prospects. In: South African Geographical Journal, 98 (3), 428-438.
Walton, J.K., 2005: Introduction. In: Walton, J.K., editor, Histories of Tourism: Representation, Identity and Conflict, Clevedon: Channel View, pp. 1-18.
Walton, J.K., 2009a: Histories of tourism. In: Jamal, T. and Robinson, M., editors, The SAGE Handbook of Tourism Studies, London: Sage, pp. 115-129.
Walton, J.K., 2009b: Welcome to the Journal of Tourism History. In: Journal of Tourism History, Vol. 1, pp. 1-6.
Walton, J.K., 2009c: Progress in tourism management: Prospects in tourism history: evolution, state of play and future developments. In: Tourism Management, Vol. 30, pp. 783-793.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Title, logo and layout of journal Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series are reserved trademarks of Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series.Stats
Number of views and downloads: 925
Number of citations: 34
