Uneven governance in a shared conservation landscape: wildlife tourism and community resilience in a Transfrontier Conservation Area
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/bgss-2026-0028Keywords
information sharing, tourism decision making, wildlife tourism & community resilience, Southern AfricaAbstract
This study investigates the resilience of communities located near prominent wildlife tourism destinations within the Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area. The study is grounded on social capital and emphasizes its importance, coupled with that of information flows, in shaping community engagement in wildlife tourism and conservation planning and decision-making processes. Drawing on interviews with stakeholders from the tourism, conservation and community sectors in Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe, the findings highlight the critical role of social networks in determining the frequency, channels and accessibility of communication related to environmental planning. Additionally, the study reveals significant localized disparities in state-level governance arrangements, particularly concerning which voices are recognized and integrated into decision-making processes. It stresses the need to acknowledge and incorporate indigenous and traditional knowledge systems and governance structures in both information dissemination and participatory decision-making. ...
References
Ayambire, R.A., Rytwinski, T., Taylor, J.J., Luizza, M.W., Muir, M.J., Cadet, C., & Bennett, J.R. (2025). Challenges in assessing the effects of environmental governance systems on conservation outcomes. Conservation Biology, 39(1): e14392. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.14392
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In: J.G. Richardson (Ed.): Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education. Greenwood Press.
Cafer, A., Green, J., & Goreham, G. (2019). A Community Resilience Framework for community development practitioners building equity and adaptive capacity. Community Development, 50(2): 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2019.1575442
Camacho, C., Bower, P., Webb, R.T., & Munford, L. (2023). Measurement of community resilience using the Baseline Resilience Indicator for Communities (BRIC) framework: A systematic review. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 95: 103870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103870
Cassidy, L. (2021). Power dynamics and new directions in the recent evolution of CBNRM in Botswana. Conservation Science and Practice, 3(1): e205. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.205
Coleman, J.S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94(Supplement): S95–S120. https://doi.org/10.1086/228943
Defe, R., Matsa, M., & Mavugara, R. (2025). Building community resilience to enhance Climate Smart Villages in the global south: A review. Development Southern Africa, 42(3): 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2025.2464614
Farsari, I. (2023). Exploring the nexus between sustainable tourism governance, resilience and complexity research. Tourism Recreation Research, 48(3): 352–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2021.1922828
Ghadban, S., Tsoni, C., & Inversini, A. (2026). Stakeholder Engagement and Resilience in Recurrent Crisis Environments: The Case of a Sustainable Rural Tourism Project in Lebanon. Tourism Planning & Development, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2026.2621296
Holland, K.K., Larson, L.R., Powell, R.B., Holland, W.H., Allen, L., Nabaala, M., Tome, S., Seno, S., & Nampushi, J. (2022). Impacts of tourism on support for conservation, local livelihoods, and community resilience around Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(11): 2526–2548. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1932927
Idajati, H., & Damanik, J. (2025). Modeling community resilience to climate change impacts in tourism destinations: the roles of social and cultural capital. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2025.2518559
Imbwae, I., Shankar, A., Warwick, S., & Clinton, H. (2023). Transboundary fisheries management in Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA-TFCA): Prospects and dilemmas. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(5): 4406. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054406
Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA). (2012). KAZA Treaty. KAZA: Kasane, Botswana.
Kimaro, M.E., & Saarinen, J. (2025). Governing Resilience for Sustainable Tourism Development: Public–Private Partnerships and Corporate Social Responsibility in the Namibian Tourism Industry. Tourism Planning & Development, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2025.2589879
Lekgau, R.J., & Tichaawa, T.M. (2019). Effects of institutional arrangements and policies on community participation in wildlife tourism in Africa. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 27(4): 1280-1295. http://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.27414-433
Lekgau, R.J., & Tichaawa, T.M. (2021). Community Participation in Wildlife Tourism in The Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Tourism Review International, 25: 139–155. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427220X16059054538746
Lekgau, R.J., & Tichaawa, T.M. (2025a). Wildlife Tourism and Resilient Community Livelihoods: A Transfrontier Conservation Area Perspective. Tourism Planning & Development, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2025.2598426
Lekgau, R.J., & Tichaawa, T.M. (2025b). Sociopolitical Determinants of Communities’ Environmental Attitudes in Africa’s Wildlife Tourism and Conservation Landscape. Tourism Review International, 29(4): 291-305. https://doi.org/10.3727/194344225X17315216889078
Linell, A., Sjöstedt, M., & Sundström, A. (2019). Governing transboundary commons in Africa: The emergence and challenges of the Kavango–Zambezi Treaty. International Environmental Agreements, 19: 53–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-018-9420-2
Manfredo, M.J., Teel, T.L., Sullivan, L., & Dietsch, A.M. (2017). Values, trust, and cultural backlash in conservation governance: The case of wildlife management in the United States. Biological Conservation, 214: 303-311. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.07.032
Maphosa, M., Effossou, K.A., & Moyo, P. (2025). From symbolic inclusion to shared governance: contesting conservation in a climate-stressed South African landscape. Frontiers in Sustainability (Switzerland), 6: 1601933. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2025.1601933
Morsut, C., Kuran, C., Kruke, B.I., Orru, K., & Hansson, S. (2022). Linking resilience, vulnerability, social capital and risk awareness for crisis and disaster research. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 30(2): 137-147. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12375
Mushawemhuka, W., Rogerson, J.M., & Saarinen, J. (2018). Nature-based tourism operators’ perceptions and adaptation to climate change in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-Economic Series, (42): 115–127. https://doi.org/10.2478/bog-2018-0034
Mutanga, C.N., Chikuta, O., Muboko, N., Gandiwa, E., Kabote, F., & Kaswaurere, T.W. (2020). Wildlife tourism, conservation and community benefits in Zimbabwe. In: Novelli, M., Adu-Ampong, E.A. and Ribeiro, M.A. (eds.) Routledge handbook of tourism in Africa. London: Routledge.
Nemakonde, L.D. (2026). Political will and institutional reform as enablers of coherent disaster and climate risk governance in SADC and beyond. South African Geographical Journal, 108(1): 2601093. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2025.2601093
Noe, C. (2020). Regionalizing tourism through transfrontier conservation: Implications for local development in southern Africa. The African Review, 47(1): 97-119. https://doi.org/10.1163/1821889X-12340016
Panahi, M. M., & Moayerian, N. (2025). Seeds of resilience: How social capital cultivates community strength in environmental crisis management. Journal of Environmental Management, 380: 124937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124937
Pittman, J. (2019). The struggle for local autonomy in biodiversity conservation governance. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 62(1): 172-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2018.1511416
Prayitno, G., Fikriyah, F., Rahmawati, R., Dinanti, D., Nisak, F.F., Wijayati, W.P., & Nugraha, A.T. (2025). Does governance matter? Social pathways from reciprocity to sustainable tourism in rural Java, Indonesia. Cogent Social Sciences, 11(1): 2572348. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2025.2572348
Putnam, R.D. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton University Press.
Rahman, M.S.U., Simmons, D., Shone, M.C., & Ratna, N.N. (2022). Social and cultural capitals in tourism resource governance: the essential lenses for community focussed co-management. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(11): 2665–2685. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1903016
Saarinen, J., & Gill, A.M. (2018). Tourism, resilience, and governance strategies in the transition towards sustainability. In: Resilient destinations and tourism. London: Routledge.
Shackleton, R.T., Walters, G., Bluwstein, J., Djoudi, H., Fritz, L., Lafaye de Micheaux, F., Loloum, T., Nguyen, V.T.H., Rann Andriamahefazafy, M., Sithole, S.S. and Kull, C.A. (2023). Navigating power in conservation. Conservation Science and Practice, 5(3): p.e12877. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12877
Siakwah, P., Musavengane, R., & Leonard, L. (2019). Tourism governance and attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals in Africa. Tourism Planning & Development, 17(4), 355-383. http://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1600160
Stoldt, M., Göttert, T., Mann, C., & Zeller, U. (2020). Transfrontier Conservation Areas and Human-Wildlife Conflict: The Case of the Namibian Component of the Kavango-Zambezi (KAZA) TFCA. Science Reports, 10: 7964. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64537-9
Stone, M.T., & Nyaupane, G.P. (2018). Protected areas, wildlife-based community tourism, and community livelihood dynamics: Spiralling up and down of community capitals. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(2): 307–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1349774
Sun, W., Zhang, E., Zhao, Y., Wu, Z., Chen, W., Wang, Y., & Bai, Y. (2025). Conservation priority corridors enhance the effectiveness of protected area networks in China. Communications Earth & Environment, 6(1): 275. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02227-y
Tantoh, H.B., McKay, T.J.K., & Leonard, L. (2026). Community-led development and community-based natural resource management: best practice in Sub-Saharan Africa. South African Geographical Journal, 108(1): 2630955. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2026.2630955
Tisdell, E.J., Merriam, S.B., & Stuckey-Peyrot, H.L. (2025). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons.
Wang, X., Huang, Y., & Huang, K. (2025). How does social entrepreneurship achieve sustainable development goals in rural tourism destinations? The role of legitimacy and social capital. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 33(7): 1262–1280. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2024.2309546
Yang, E., Kim, J., Pennington-Gray, L., & Ash, K. (2021). Does tourism matter in measuring community resilience? Annals of Tourism Research, 89: 103222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103222
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Refiloe Lekgau, Tembi Tichaawa

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Title, logo and layout of journal Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series are reserved trademarks of Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series.Stats
Number of views and downloads: 196
Number of citations: 0