Accommodation facilities in northern Turkey in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/bgss-2026-0013

Keywords

accommodation facilities, occupancy rate, COVID-19 pandemic, Turkey

Abstract

The aim of this study is to analyse and compare the situation of owners of accommodation facilities—guesthouses, hotels, guest rooms, and campsites—in Turkey across two distinct periods: the pre-pandemic period and the post-pandemic period, taking into account the current geopolitical context. The pandemic period itself was analysed; however, due to government-imposed restrictions and a substantial decline in occupancy rates of accommodation facilities (below 10%, outside the campsites), it was not possible to conduct reliable comparative analyses for this period. The specific objectives also include examining the relationship between the services and attractions offered by accommodation providers and occupancy rates. ...

Author Biographies

Maria Hełdak, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wrocławiu

Director of the Faculty of Geodetic Agricultural Facilities and Real Estate Economy of the Institute of Spatial Management at the University of Environmental and Life Sciences in Wrocław. Maria Hełdak's scientific interests revolve around real estate economy and evaluation, spatial economy, financial and environmental consequences of local spatial development plans and spatial policy. Education: Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Architecture, branch of study - spatial economy, 1996; MBA Business Trends, 2023. PhD in 2001, habilitation since 2013 in the field environment protection and development.

Sultan Sevinc Kurt Konakoglu, Amasya University

Associate Professor, Director of the Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture of the Faculty of Architecture at the Amasya University in Amasya, Turkey. She has got her doctor's degree in landscape architecture in 2018 at Karadeniz Technical University. In 2022, she has attained her habilitated doctor degree in landscape architecture.  Her scientific interests are tourism planning, landscape planning in urban areas, greenway planning, landscape design and sustainability. She participated in 50 scientific conferences, including 33 international ones.

David Ramsey, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland

David Mark Ramsey is an associate professor in the Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering at Wrocław University of Science and Technology. His research interests include statistics and game theory. 

Izabela Kurtyka, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wrocławiu

Assistant professor at the Department of Applied Economics at the Wrocław University of

Environmental and Life Sciences. Her scientific interests include economic issues related to the

management and economics of enterprises in rural areas. Author of works on the analysis of the economic efficiency of facilities conducting business activities, including those providing tourist services in rural areas and small towns. Author of studies on potential and actual demand for tourist services.

Beata Raszka, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wrocławiu

Her scientific activity is mainly connected with spatial economy, among others. In legally protected areas, and various aspects of the formation of the natural environment. She is the author or coauthor of about 200 scientific, popular science, information and didactic publications devoted to various issues of theories and practices of nature and environment and

landscape protection, spatial planning, ecosystem services and ecological education. She is

the head of the Faculty of Spatial Management and Landscape Architecture.

References

Akyıldız, Ş. (2020). How has Covid-19 affected Turkey’s labor market. Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey. https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/1599032794-1.How_has_COVID_19_affected_Turkey___s_labor_market.pdf

Bakar, N.A., & Rosbi, S. (2020). Effect of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) to tourism industry. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS), 7(4), 189–193. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.74.23

Baldwin, R., & di Mauro, B.W. (2020). Economics in the time of COVID-19. Centre for Economic Policy Research. CEPR Press, Paris & London.

Baloglu, S., & Mangaloglu, M. (2001). Tourism destination images of Turkey, Egypt, Greece, and Italy as perceived by US-based tour operators and travel agents. Tourism Management, 22(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00030-6

Bartik, A.W., Bertrand, M., Cullen, Z., Glaeser, E. L., Luca, M., & Stanton, C. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(30), 17656–17666. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006991117

Benckendorffer, P.J. (2006). Attractions megatrends. In D. Buhalis & C. Costa (Eds.), Tourism business frontiers: Consumer, products and industry. Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann.

Cahyanto, I., Wiblishauser, M., Pennington-Gray, L., & Schroeder, A. (2016). The dynamics of travel avoidance: The case of Ebola in the US. Tourism Management Perspectives, 20, 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2016.09.004

Choe, Y., Wang, J., & Song, H. (2021). The impact of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus on inbound tourism in South Korea toward sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(7), 1117–1133. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1797057

Chien, G.C., & Law, R. (2003). The impact of the severe acute respiratory syndrome on hotels: A case study of Hong Kong. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22(3), 327–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4319(03)00041-0

Collins-Kreiner, N., & Ram, Y. (2020). National tourism strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research, 89(1), 103076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103076

Hallaj, Z., Bijani, M., Abbasi, E., Valizadeh, N., & Mohammadi, M. (2022). Tourism development during the pandemic of Coronavirus (COVID-19): Evidence from Iran. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 881381. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.881381

Hełdak, M., Kurt Konakoglu, S.S., Kurtyka–Marcak, I., Raszka, B., & Kurdoglu, B.C. (2020). Visitors’ perceptions towards traditional and regional products in Trabzon (Turkey) and Podhale (Poland). Sustainability, 12(6), 2362. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062362

Henderson, J.C., & Ng, A. (2004). Responding to crisis: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and hotels in Singapore. International Journal of Tourism Research, 6(6), 411–419. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.505

Hidalgo, A., Barroso, D.A., Nuñez-Serrano, J.A., Turrión, J., & Velázquez, F.J. (2022). Does hotel management matter to overcoming the COVID-19 crisis? The Spanish case. Tourism Management, 88, 104395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104395

Hu, F., Teichert, T., Deng, S., Liu, Y., & Zhou, G. (2021). Dealing with pandemics: An investigation of the effects of COVID-19 on customers’ evaluations of hospitality services. Tourism Management, 85, 104320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104320

Huynh, T.L.D. (2020). The COVID-19 risk perception: A survey on socioeconomics and media attention. Economics Bulletin, 40(1), 758–764.

Kawęcki, N. (2022). Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na turystykę na świecie (The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism in the world – in Polish). Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska Lublin – Polonia.

Kawęcki, N. (2022a). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on agritourism. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska Lublin – Polonia, Sectio B, 77, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.17951/b.2022.77.0.45-54

Konakoglu, K.S.S. (2018). Katılımcı turizm planlaması yaklaşımı ile Amasya kent örneğinde mekânsal ve senaryo analizi (Spatial and scenario analysis in the case of Amasya city with participatory tourism planning approach – in Turkish) (Doctoral dissertation). Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.

Konakoglu, K.S.S., Hełdak, M., Kurdoglu, B.C., & Wysmułek, J. (2019). Evaluation of sustainable development of tourism in selected cities in Turkey and Poland. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(9), 2552. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092552

Konakoglu, K.S.S., & Kurdoglu, B. C. (2021). Evaluation of Amasya city tourism planning using SWOT analysis. Artvin Coruh University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 22(1), 88–96.

Korinth, B. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international tourism income in tourism receiving countries. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(19), 12550. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912550

Korinth, B. (2022a). Regeneration of domestic and foreign tourism in selected European countries in COVID-19 pandemic time. Geography and Tourism, 10(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.34767/GAT.2022.10.01

Korinth, B. (2023). From resilience to collapse: A cross-country study of tourist spending in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental & Socio-Economic Studies, 11(3), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.2478/environ-2023-0017

Kruczek, Z. (2011). Atrakcje turystyczne. Fenomen, typologia, metody badań (Tourist attractions: Phenomenon, typology, research methods – in Polish). Proksenia. https://docplayer.pl/551208-Zygmunt-kruczek-atrakcje-turystyczne-fenomen-typologia-metody-badan.html

Matiza, T. (2022). Post-COVID-19 crisis travel behaviour: Towards mitigating the effects of perceived risk. Journal of Tourism Futures, 8(1), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-04-2020-0063

Ministry of Culture and Tourism. (2020). Tourism statistics. https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-249299/yearly-bulletins.html

Ministry of Culture and Tourism. (2021). Tourism statistics. https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-249299/yearly-bulletins.html

Nagaj, R., & Žuromskaite, B. (2021). Tourism in the era of COVID-19 and its impact on the environment. Energies (Switzerland), 14(7), 2000. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14072000

Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus and COVID-19 pandemic: A review. International Journal of Surgery, 78, 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018

Niewiadomski, P. (2020). COVID-19: From temporary de-globalisation to a re-discovery of tourism? Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 651–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1757749

Ntounis, N., Parker, C., Skinner, H., Steadman, C., & Warnaby, G. (2022). Tourism and hospitality industry resilience during the Covid-19 pandemic: Evidence from England. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(1), 46–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1883556

Piepiora, Z., Piepiora, P., & Bagińska, J. (2022). Set-jetting during the COVID-19 pandemic on the example of the economic value of railway bridge over Pilchowice Lake. Archives of Budo Science of Martial Arts and Extreme Sports, 18, 187–196.

Potera, N. (2021). Republika Turcji wobec pandemii COVID-19 (The Republic of Turkey in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic – in Polish). Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Wydawnictwo Naukowe FNCE.

Prayag, G. (2020). Time for reset? Covid-19 and tourism resilience. Tourism Review International, 24(2–3), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427220X15926147793595

Ritchie, J.R., & Sins, M. (1978). Culture as determinant of the attractiveness. Annals of Tourism Research, 5(2), 252–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(78)90221-6

Ruiz-Estrada, M.A., Park, D., & Lee, M. (2020). The evaluation of the final impact of Wuhan COVID-19 on trade, tourism, transport, and electricity consumption of China. SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3551093

Samdin, Z., Sinw, A., Khaw, A., & Subramaniam, T. (2021). Travel risk in the ecotourism industry amid COVID-19 pandemic: Ecotourists’ perceptions. Journal of Ecotourism, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.1938089

Shin, H., Sharma, A., Nicolau, J. L., & Kang, J. (2021). The impact of hotel CSR for strategic philanthropy on booking behavior and hotel performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism Management, 85, 104322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104322

Stojczew, K. (2021). Ocena wpływu pandemii koronawirusa na branżę turystyczną w Polsce (Assessment of the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the tourism industry in Poland – in Polish). Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, 65(1), 157–172.

https://doi.org/10.15611/pn.2021.1.09

TUIK. (2023). Turkish Statistical Institute. https://data.tuik.gov.tr

Uner, M.M., Karatepe, O.M., Cavusgil, S.T., & Kucukergin, K.G. (2022). Does a highly standardized international advertising campaign contribute to the enhancement of destination image? Evidence from Turkey. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 6(3), 1169–1187. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-03-2022-0094

UNWTO. (2021). World tourism barometer (Vol. 19, No. 2). https://doi.org/10.18111/wtobarometereng

Wen, Z., Huimin, G., & Kavanaugh, R.R. (2005). The impacts of SARS on the consumer behaviour of Chinese domestic tourists. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(1), 22–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500508668203

Wilder-Smith, A. (2006). The severe acute respiratory syndrome: Impact on travel and tourism. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 4(2), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2005.04.004

Yang, Y., Zhang, H., & Chen, X. (2020). Coronavirus pandemic and tourism: Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium modelling of infectious disease outbreak. Annals of Tourism Research, 83, 102913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102913

Yu, M., Cheng, M., Yang, L., & Yu, Z. (2022). Hotel guest satisfaction during COVID-19 outbreak: The moderating role of crisis response strategy. Tourism Management, 93, 104618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104618

Zawadka, J., Jęczmyk, A., Uglis, J., & Wojcieszak-Zbierska, M. (2021). Plany turystyczne mieszkańców miast w dobie pandemii COVID-19 (Tourist plans of city residents during the COVID-19 pandemic – in Polish). In Warsztaty z Geografii Turyzmu, 11, 13–34). https://doi.org/10.18778/8220-576-3.01

Zenker, S., & Kock, F. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic – A critical discussion of a tourism research agenda. Tourism Management, 81, 104164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104164

Downloads

Published

2026-03-30

How to Cite

1.
HEŁDAK, Maria, KURT KONAKOGLU, Sultan Sevinc, RAMSEY, David, KURTYKA, Izabela and RASZKA, Beata. Accommodation facilities in northern Turkey in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series. Online. 30 March 2026. No. 72, pp. 21-36. [Accessed 9 April 2026]. DOI 10.12775/bgss-2026-0013.

Issue

No. 72 (2026)

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Maria Hełdak, Sultan Sevinc Kurt Konakoglu, David Ramsey, Izabela Kurtyka, Beata Raszka

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Title, logo and layout of journal Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series are reserved trademarks of Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series.

Stats

Number of views and downloads: 62
Number of citations: 0