Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
  • Register
  • Login
  • Menu
  • Home
  • Current
  • Archives
  • Announcements
  • About
    • About the Journal
    • Submissions
    • Editorial Team
    • Privacy Statement
    • Contact
  • Register
  • Login

Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series

The factors determining the security perception in urban parks in different perceptual approaches
  • Home
  • /
  • The factors determining the security perception in urban parks in different perceptual approaches
  1. Home /
  2. Archives /
  3. No. 70 (2025): December /
  4. Articles

The factors determining the security perception in urban parks in different perceptual approaches

Authors

  • Kinga Kimic Department of Landscape Architecture, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8336-347X
  • Paulina Polko Department of Security Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, WSB University, Cieplaka Street 1c, 41-300 Dabrowa Gornicza, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9770-7373

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/bgss-2025-0041

Keywords

green areas, urban parks, urban greenery, public security, Poland

Abstract

The sense of security in urban parks significantly determines the way visitors use them. This article presents the results of research on the factors influencing the sense of security in green areas, conducted using two methods: a survey questionnaire and a photo questionnaire. The respondents indicated which factors have an impact on the safety of staying in parks and also assessed the level of personal safety based on real park scenes. The correlation of the results determined whether there were discrepancies between general declarations and the actual sense of security. The results show that the respondents partially differ in indicating the factors influencing their safety depending on the research method used. The study confirms that the use of several methods is helpful for a more precise assessment of the sense of security of users of green areas, which is crucial for shaping safe urban parks. ...

References

Andrade, C. (2020). The Limitations of Online Surveys. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 42(6): 575-576. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0253717620957496.

Andrews, M., & Gatersleben, B. (2010). Variations in perception of danger, fear and preference in a simulated natural environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4): 473-481. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.04.001.

Anjum, N., Ashcroft, R., & Paul, J. (1998). The visual questionnaire an innovation in design research. The Design Journal, 1: 37-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2752/146069298790718724.

Bai, H., Wilhelm Stanis, S.A., Kaczynski, A.T., & Besenyi, G.M. (2013). Perceptions of neighborhood park quality: associations with physical activity and body mass index. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 45(1): 39-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9448-4.

Bedimo-Rung, A.L., Mowen, A.J., & Cohen, D.A. (2005). The significance of parks to physical activity and public health. A conceptual model. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28, 159-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.024.

Bishop, R., & Rohrmann, B. (2003). Subjective responses to simulated and real environments: a comparison. Landscape and Urban Planning, 65(4): 261-277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00070-7.

Braverman, I. (2008). Everybody loves trees: Policing American Cities Through Street Trees. Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum, 19: 81-118. Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/journal_articles/318 (Accessed: 08 August 2023).

Burgess, J. (1996). Focusing on fear: the use of focus groups in a project for the Community Forest Unit, Countryside Commission. Area, 28(2): 130-135. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20003649 (Accessed: 08 August 2023).

Burgess, J., Harrison, C.M., & Limb, M. (1988). People, parks and the urban green: a study of popular meanings and values for open spaces in the city. Urban Studies, 25(6): 455-473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00420988820080631.

Calvillo Cortés, A.B., & Falcón Morales, L.E. (2016). Emotions and the urban lighting environment. SAGE Open 6(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016629708.

Campbell, L.K., McMillen, H., & Svendsen, E.S. (2021). The Written Park: Reading Multiple Urban Park Subjectivities Through Signage, Writing, and Graffiti. Space and Culture, 24(2): 276-294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331218820789.

Crewe, K. (2001). Linear parks and urban neighbourhoods: A study of the crime impact of the Boston South-west Corridor. Journal of Urban Design, 6(3): 245-264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800120105779.

Daniel, T.C. (2001). Whither scenic beauty? Visual landscape quality assessment in the 21st century. Landscape and Urban Planning, 54, 267-281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00141-4.

Davet, N. (2021). Young people and older people negotiating urban spaces in Sweden: enacting age, public spacing and belonging through intergenerational encounters. Children’s Geographies, 20(6): 876-888. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2021.1983772.

Eck J.E., Clarke, R.V., & Guerette, R.T. (2007). Risky Facilities: Crime Concentration in Homogeneous Sets of Establishments and Facilities. Crime Prevention Studies, 21: 225–264..

Fotios, S.A., Unwin, J., & Farrall, S. (2015). Road lighting and pedestrian reassurance after dark: A review. Lighting Research and Technology, 47(4): 449-469. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153514524587.

Fujisaki, I., Mohammadi-Aragh, M.J., Evans, D.L., Moorhead, R.J., Irby, D.W., Roberts, S.D., Grado, S.C., & Schultz, E.B. (2007). Comparing forest assessment based on computer visualization versus videography. Landscape and Urban Planning, 81(1–2): 146-154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.11.003.

Gao, T., Liang, H., Chen, Y., & Qiu, L. (2019). Comparisons of Landscape Preferences through Three Different Perceptual Approaches. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16: 4754. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234754.

Gau, J.M., & Pratt, T.C. (2008). Broken windows or window dressing? citizens’(in) ability to tell the difference between disorder and crime. Criminology & Public Policy, 7(2): 163-194. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2008.00500.x.

Gyllin, M., & Grahn, P. (2015). Semantic Assessments of Experienced Biodiversity from Photographs and On-Site Observations—A Comparison. Environment and Natural Resources Research, 5: 46-62. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v5n4p46.

Hami, A., & Emami, F. (2015). Spatial quality of natural elements and safety perception in urban parks. International conference on agricultural, ecological and Medical Sciences (AEMS-2015): 48-52. Available at: https://iicbe.org/upload/7928C0215153.pdf (Accessed: 08 August 2023).

Herzog, T.R., & Kutzli, G.E. (2002). Preference and perceived danger in field/forest settings. Environment and Behaviour. 34: 858-874. Available at: https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/psy_articles/22 (Accessed: 08 August 2023).

Jansson, M., Fors, H., Lindgren, T., & Wiström, B. (2013). Perceived personal safety in relation to urban woodland vegetation – A review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 12(2): 127-133. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.01.005.

Jorgensen, A., & Anthopoulou, A. (2007). Enjoyment and fear in urban woodlands – Does age make a difference? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 6(4): 267-278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2007.05.004.

Jorgensen, L.J., Ellis, G.D., & Ruddell, E. (2013). Fear perceptions in public parks: Interactions of environmental concealment, the presence of people recreating, and gender. Environment and Behavior, 45(7): 803-820. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916512446334.

Jorgensen, A., Hitchmough, J., & Calvert, T. (2002). Woodland spaces and edges: Their impact on perception of safety and preference. Landscape and Urban Planning, 60(3): 135-150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00052-X.

Kimic, K., & Polko, P. (2022). The Use of Urban Parks by Older Adults in the Context of Perceived Security. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7): 4184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074184.

Kimic, K., & Polko, P. (2021). Perception of natural elements by park users in the context of security. In: Fialová, J. (ed.), Public recreation and landscape protection – with sense hand in hand! Conference proceedings, 10th-11th May 2021, Křtiny. Brno: Mendel University in Brno.

Kimic, K., Polko, P., Hansen, P. & Mehan, A. (2025). Different Types of Questionnaires as a Tool in Placemaking Research. In: F. Rotondo, A. Djukic, P. Hansen, E. Manahasa, M. Fathi, & J. A. García-Esparza (eds.), Placemaking in Practice, vol. 2, Engagement in Placemaking: Methods, Strategies, Approaches, 101-120, Leiden: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004691919_007.

Kuo, F.E., Bacaicoa, M., & Sullivan, W.C. (1998). Transforming inner-city landscapes..

Environment and Behavior, 30(1): 28-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916598301002.

Likert, R. (1932). A Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 140, 1-55.

Lindgren, T., & Nilsen, M. (2012). Safety in residential areas. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 103(2): 196-208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2011.00679.x.

Lindberg, M., & Schipperijn, J. (2015). Active use of urban park facilities – Expectations versus reality. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(4): 909-7918. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.08.007.

Liu M, & Schroth, O. (2019). Assessment of Aesthetic Preferences in Relation to Vegetation-Created Enclosure in Chinese Urban Parks: A Case Study of Shenzhen Litchi Park. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(6): 1809. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061809.

Lis, A., & Iwankowski, P. (2021). Where do we want to see other people while relaxing in a city park? Visual relationships with park users and their impact on preferences, safety and privacy. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 73: 101532. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101532.

Lis, A., Pardela, Ł., & Iwankowski, P. (2019). Impact of Vegetation on Perceived Safety and Preference in City Parks. Sustainability (Switzerland) , 11: 6324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226324.

Loewen, L., Steel, G., & Suedfeld, P. (1993). Perceived safety from crime in the urban environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13(4): 323-331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80254-3.

Lorenc, T., Clayton, S., Neary, D., Whitehead, M., Petticrew, M., Thomson, H., Cummins, S., Sowden, A., & Renton, A. (2012). Crime, fear of crime, environment, and mental health and wellbeing: Mapping review of theories and causal pathways. Health & Place, 18(4): 757-765. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.04.001.

Lorenc, T., Petticrew, M., Whitehead, M., Neary, D., Clayton, S., Wright, K., Thomson, H., Cummins, S., Sowden, A., & Renton, A. (2013). Environmental interventions to reduce fear of crime: Systematic review of effectiveness. Systematic Reviews, 2(1): 30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-2-30.

Mahrous, A.M., Moustafa, Y.M., & Abou El-Ela, M.A. (2018). Physical characteristics and perceived security in urban parks: Investigation in the Egyptian context. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 9(4): 3055-3066. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2018.07.003.

Mak, B.K.L., & Jim, C.Y. (2018). Examining fear-evoking factors in urban parks in Hong Kong. Landscape and Urban Planning, 171: 42-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.11.012.

Mak, B.K.L., & Jim, C.Y. (2022). Contributions of human and environmental factors to concerns of personal safety and crime in urban parks. Security Journal, 35: 263-293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-020-00277-9.

Maruthaveeran, S., & Konijnendijk van den Bosch, C.C. (2014). A socio-ecological exploration of fear of crime in Urban green spaces – a systematic review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13(1): 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.11.006.

Maruthaveeran, S., & Konijnendijk van den Bosch, C.C. (2015). Fear of crime in urban parks – what the residents of Kuala Lumpur have to say? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(3): 702-713. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.05.012.

Masullo, M., Cioffi, F., Li, J., Maffei, L., Scorpio, M., Iachini, T., Ruggiero, G., Malferà, A., & Ruotolo, F. (2022). An Investigation of the Influence of the Night Lighting in an Urban Park on Individuals’ Emotions. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14: 8556. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148556.

McCormack, G.R., Rock, M., Toohey, A.M., & Hignell, D. (2010). Characteristics of urban parks associated with park use and physical activity: A review of qualitative research. Health Place, 16(4): 712-726. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.03.003.

Muderrisoglu, H., & Demir, Z. (2004). The Relationship Between Perceived Beauty and Safety in Urban Recreation Parks. Journal of Applied Sciences, 4: 72-77. DOI: 10.3923/jas.2004.72.77.

Naghibi, M., Faizi, M., Ekhlassi, A. (2022). Visual questionnaire survey to apply design possibilities in relation to planting enclosure in five vest-pocket parks. MethodsX, 9: 101638. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2022.101638.

Nasar, J.L., & Fisher, B.S. (1993). “Hot spots” of fear and crime: A multi-method investigation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13: 187-206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80173-2.

Nordh, H., & Østby, K. (2013). Pocket parks for people - A study of park design and use. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 12(1): 12-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2012.11.003.

Park, K. (2017). Psychological Park accessibility: A systematic literature review of perceptual components affecting park use. Landscape Research, 42(5): 508-520. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2016.1267127.

Polko, P., & Kimic, K. (2021). Condition of urban park infrastructure in the context of perceived security of park users. In: 3rd International Conference: Advances in Environmental Engineering, November 25-26, 2021, Czech Republic, online, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 900(1): 012036. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/900/1/012036.

Polko, P., & Kimic, K. (2022). Gender as a factor differentiating the perceptions of safety in urban parks. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 13(3): 101608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.09.032.

Preston, V. (2020). Questionnaire Survey. In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (Second Edition): ed. Audrey Kobayashi. Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10860-1.

Qiu, L., Lindberg, S., & Nielsen, A.B. (2013). Is biodiversity attractive? On-site perception of recreational and biodiversity values in urban green space. Landscape and Urban Planning, 119: 136-146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.07.007.

Quercia, D., Schifanella, R., Aiello, L.M., & McLean, K. (2015). Smelly Maps: The Digital Life of Urban Smellscapes. Proceedings of the 9th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, ICWSM–2015..

Rose, G. (2007). Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to the Interpretation of Visual Materials. London: SAGE Publications..

Santos, T., Mendes, R.N., & Vasco, A. (2016). Recreational activities in urban parks: Spatial interactions among users. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 15: 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2016.06.001.

Schroeder, H., & Anderson, L. (1984). Perception of personal safety in urban recreation sites. Journal of Leisure Research, 16(2): 178-194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1984.11969584.

Sefcik, J.S., Kondo, M.C., Klusaritz, H., Sarantschin, E., Solomon, S., Roepke, A., South, E.C., & Jacoby, S.F. (2019). Perceptions of Nature and Access to Green Space in Four Urban Neighborhoods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6(13): 2313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132313.

Shach-Pinsly, D. (2019). Measuring security in the built environment: Evaluating urban vulnerability in a human-scale urban form. Landscape and Urban Planning, 191: 103412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.08.022.

Shenassa, E., Liebhaber, A., & Ezeamama, A. (2006). Perceived safety of area of residence and exercise: a pan-European study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 163(11): 1012-1017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj142.

Shepley, M., Sachs, N., Sadatsafavi, H., Fournier, C., & Peditto, K. (2019). The Impact of Green Space on Violent Crime in Urban Environments: An Evidence Synthesis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24): 5119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245119.

Shi, S., Gou, Z., & Chen, L.H.C. (2014). How does enclosure influence environmental preferences? A cognitive study on urban public open spaces in Hong Kong. Sustainable Cities and Society, 13: 148-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2014.04.011.

Skär, M. (2010). Forest dear forest fear: dwellers relationship to their neighbourhood forest. Landscape and Urban Planning, 98: 110-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.07.017.

Socha, R., & Kogut, B. (2020). Urban video surveillance as a tool to improve security in public spaces. Sustainability (Switzerland), 2(15): 6210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156210.

Stefanizzi, S., & Verdolini, V. (2019). Bordered communities: the perception of insecurity in five European cities. Quality & Quantity. International Journal of Methodology, 53(3): 165-1186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-018-0810-x.

Suchocka, M., & Kimic, K. (2019). Management of urban forests to ensure the safety of tourist use on the example of Warsaw. In: J. Fialová (ed.), Public recreation and landscape protection – with sense hand in hand! Conference proceeding, 13th-15th May 2019, Křtiny, 236-239, Mendel University in Brno.

Sundevall, E.P., & Jansson, M. (2020). Inclusive Parks across Ages: Multifunction and Urban Open Space Management for Children, Adolescents, and the Elderly. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17: 9357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249357.

Šerý, M., Brisudová, L., Buil-Gil, D., Kimic, K., Polko, P., & Solymosi, R. (2024). The Perception of Personal Security in Urban Parks: A Comparative Analysis of Research Methods. In: C. Smaniotto Costa, Ma. Fathi, & J. A. García-Esparza (eds.), Placemaking in Practice, vol. 1, Experiences and Approaches from a Pan-European Perspective. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004542389_017.

Talal, M.L., Santelmann, M.V., & Tilt, J.H. (2021). Urban park visitor preferences for vegetation – An on-site qualitative research study. Plants, People, Planet, 3(4): 375-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10188.

Taylor R.B., Haberman, C.P., & Groff, E.R. (2019). Urban park crime: Neighborhood context and park features. Journal of Criminal Justice, 64: 101622. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2019.10162.

Taylor L., Leckey, E.H., Lead, P.J., & Hochuli, D.F. (2020). What Visitors Want From Urban Parks: Diversity, Utility Serendipity. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.595620.

Traunmueller M., Marshall, P., & Capra, L. (2015). Crowdsourcing Safety Perceptions of People: Opportunities and Limiations. In T.Y. Liu, C. Scollon, W. Zhu (Eds.). Social Informatics. SocInfo 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 9471: 120–135. Springer, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27433-1_9.

Welsh, B.P., & Farrington, D.C. (2008). Effects of improved street lighting on crime. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 4(13): 1-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2008.13.

Welsh, B.C., & Farrington, D.P. (2009). Public area CCTV and crime prevention: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Justice Quarterly, 26(4): 716-745. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820802506206.

Xiang, Y., Liang, H., Fang, X., Chen, Y., Xu, N., Hu, M., Chen, Q., Mu, S., Hedblom, M., Qiu, L., & Gao, T. (2021). The comparisons of on-site and off-site applications in surveys on perception of and preference for urban green spaces: Which approach is more reliable? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 58: 126961. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126961.

Yeoh, B.S.A., & Yeow, P.L. (1997). Where women fear to tread: Images of danger and the effects of fear of crime in Singapore. GeoJournal, 43(3): 273-286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006817400224.

Zavadskas, E.K., Bausys, R., & Mazonaviciute, I. (2019). Safety evaluation methodology of urban public parks by multi-criteria decision making. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189: 372-381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.05.014.

Downloads

  • PDF

Published

2025-12-02

How to Cite

1.
KIMIC, Kinga and POLKO, Paulina. The factors determining the security perception in urban parks in different perceptual approaches. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series. Online. 2 December 2025. No. 70, pp. 97-112. [Accessed 8 December 2025]. DOI 10.12775/bgss-2025-0041.
  • ISO 690
  • ACM
  • ACS
  • APA
  • ABNT
  • Chicago
  • Harvard
  • IEEE
  • MLA
  • Turabian
  • Vancouver
Download Citation
  • Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  • BibTeX

Issue

No. 70 (2025): December

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Kinga Kimic, Paulina Polko

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Title, logo and layout of journal Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series are reserved trademarks of Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series.

Stats

Number of views and downloads: 61
Number of citations: 0

Search

Search

Browse

  • Browse Author Index
  • Issue archive

User

User

Current Issue

  • Atom logo
  • RSS2 logo
  • RSS1 logo

Information

  • For Readers
  • For Authors
  • For Librarians

Newsletter

Subscribe Unsubscribe

Tags

Search using one of provided tags:

green areas, urban parks, urban greenery, public security, Poland
Up

Akademicka Platforma Czasopism

Najlepsze czasopisma naukowe i akademickie w jednym miejscu

apcz.umk.pl

Partners

  • Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie
  • Akademickie Towarzystwo Andragogiczne
  • Fundacja Copernicus na rzecz Rozwoju Badań Naukowych
  • Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla Polskiej Akademii Nauk
  • Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
  • Instytut Tomistyczny
  • Karmelitański Instytut Duchowości w Krakowie
  • Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego
  • Państwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych w Krośnie
  • Państwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych we Włocławku
  • Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa im. Stanisława Pigonia w Krośnie
  • Polska Fundacja Przemysłu Kosmicznego
  • Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne
  • Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze
  • Towarzystwo Miłośników Torunia
  • Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
  • Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
  • Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
  • Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika
  • Uniwersytet w Białymstoku
  • Uniwersytet Warszawski
  • Wojewódzka Biblioteka Publiczna - Książnica Kopernikańska
  • Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Pelplinie / Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne „Bernardinum" w Pelplinie

© 2021- Nicolaus Copernicus University Accessibility statement Shop