Tourist mobility of Polish residents in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Andrzej Matczak; Daniela Szymańska

doi:10.12775/bgss-2022-0042

Authors

Andrzej Matczak https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9509-5879
Daniela Szymańska https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6079-6838

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/bgss-2022-0042

Keywords

tourist mobility of Polish residents, the COVID-19 pandemic, tourist travel destinations, number and structure of tourist trips, travel expenses

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic had on the tourism sector in Poland in terms of the tourist mobility of Poles, i.e., on the volume and nature of tourist trips of Polish residents. It is based on a comparison of the numbers and natures of tourist trips made during the pandemic (2020–21) against the preceding period (2018–19). This study is based on data from Statistics Poland collected from several hundred thousand participants (an average of over 136,000 people surveyed annually). The study discusses changes in: Polish residents’ level of participation in tourist trips; the number and breakdown of tourist trips; and the reasons/purposes for tourist trips. In addition, changes in the breakdown of transport used during tourist trips are shown. Changes observed in tourist travel expenses from 2018 to 2021 are also discussed. Another subject of our analysis is changes in tourist travel destinations and the seasonality of these trips.

References

Abbas, J., Mubeen, R., Iorember, P.T., Raza, S. & Mamirkulova, G. (2021). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on tourism: transformational potential and implications for a sustainable recovery of the travel and leisure industry. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 2: 100033. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.100033.

Arbulú, I., Razumova, M, Rey-Maquieira, J. & Sastre, F. (2021). Can domestic tourism relieve the COVID-19 tourist industry crisis? The case of Spain. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 20: 100568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100568.

Aronica, M., Pizzuto, P. & Sciortino, C. (2021). COVID- 19 and tourism: What can we learn from the past? The World Economy, 45(2): 430-444. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13157.

Bausch, T., Gartner, W.C. & Ortanderl, F. (2021). How to Avoid a COVID-19 Research Paper Tsunami? A Tourism System Approach. Journal of Travel Research, 60(3): 467–485. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520972805.

Bąk-Filipek, E., Szalkai, G. & Podhorodecka, K. (2022). Foreign inbound tourism to Poland and Hungary during the COVID-19 pandemic times – comparing the solutions and outcomes. Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna, 58: 11–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/rrpr.2022.58.0.

Bęben, R., Kraus Z., Młynkowiak-Stawarz, A. & Półbrat, I. (2021). Skłonność do podróżowania osób zaszczepionych i niezaszczepionych przeciw SARS-CoV-2 w kontekście teorii motywacji ochronnej i teorii planowanych zachowań (Willingness to Travel of Vaccinated and UnvaccinatedPeople against SARS-CoV-2 in the Context of The Protection Motivation Theory and Theory of Planned Behaviour- in Polish). Przegląd Organizacji, 10(981): 27-35. DOI: 10.33141/po.2021.10.04.

Bieger, T. & Laesser, C. (2020). The Future of Tourism With and Potentially After SARS-CoV-2: Continuous Small Steps and Drawbacks Towards a Temporary New “Normal”. St Gallen, Switzerland: AIEST.

Brouder, P. (2020). Reset redux: Possible evolutionary pathways towards the transformation of tourism in a COVID-19 world. Tourism Geographies, 22(3): 484–490. DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2020.1760928.

Chemli, S., Toanoglou, M. & Valeri, M. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 media coverage on tourist’s awareness for future travelling. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1846502.

Cole, J., & Dodds, K. (2021). Unhealthy geopolitics: Can the response to COVID-19 reform climate change policy? Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 99(2): 148–154. doi: 10.2471/BLT.20.269068.

Dupeyras, A., Haxton, P. & Stacey, J. (2020). The Covid-19 Crisis and Tourism: Response and Recovery Measures to Support the Tourism Sector in OECD Countries. Paris: OECD.

Farzanegan, M.R., Gholipour, H.F., Feizi, M., Robin Nunkoo, R. & Andargoli, A.E. (2021). International Tourism and Outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Cross-Country Analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 60(3): 687 – 692. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520931593.

Fennell, D.A. (2021). Technology and the sustainable tourist in the new age of disruption. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(5): 767–773. DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2020.1769639.

Fetzer, T., Hensel, L., Hermle, J., & Roth, C. (2021). Coronavirus perceptions and economic anxiety. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 103(5): 968–978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00946.

Fotiadis, A., Polyzos, S. & Huan, T.C. (2021). The good, the bad and the ugly on COVID-19 tourism recovery. Annals of Tourism Research, 87: 103117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103117.

Gabryjończyk, K. & Gabryjończyk, P. (2021). Zmiany stopnia wykorzystania turystycznych obiektów noclegowych w okresie zwalczania pandemii COVID-19 w Polsce (Changes of occupancy in tourist accommodation establishments in the period of combating the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland- in Polish). Turystyka i Rozwój Regionalny, 15: 43-58. DOI: 10.22630/TIRR.2021.15.5.

Galvani, A., Lew, A.A. & Perez, M.S. (2020). COVID-19 is expanding global consciousness and the sustainability of travel and tourism. Tourism Geographies, 22(3): 567–576. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1760924.

Gierczak-Korzeniowska, B., Szpara, K. & Stopa, M. (2021). Regional tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic: Losses, missed opportunities and new developments for the tourism industry. Turyzm/Tourism, 31(2): 65–86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.31.2.04.

Gössling, S., Scott, D. & Hall, C.M. (2021). Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1): 1–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708.

Gössling, S. & Schweiggart, N. (2022) Two years of COVID-19 and tourism: what we learned, and what we should have learned. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(4): 915-931. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2029872.

Gretzel, U., Fuchs, M., Baggio, R., Hoepken, W., Law, R., Neidhardt, J., Pesonne J., Zanker M. & Xiang, Z. (2020). e-Tourism beyond COVID-19: a call for transformative research. Information Technology & Tourism, 22(2): 187–203. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40558-020-00181-3.

Gruszka, I. & Manczak, I. (2021). Funkcjonowanie podmiotów turystycznych w dobie pandemii COVID-19 – studium przypadku Dolnego Śląska i Małopolski (The functioning of tourism entities in Poland during the pandemic – the case of Dolny Śląsk and Małopolska - in Polish). Studia Periegetica, 4(36), 71-89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8059.

Gursoy, D., Can, A.S., Williams, N. & Ekinci, Y. (2021). Evolving impacts of COVID-19 vaccination intentions on travel intentions. The Service Industries Journal, 41(11-12): 719-733. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2021.1938555.

Hall, C.M., Scott, D. & Gössling, S. (2020). Pandemics, transformations and tourism: Be careful what you wish for. Tourism Geographies, 22(3): 577–598. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1759131.

Haywood, K.M. (2020). A post-COVID future: Tourism community re-imagined and enabled. Tourism Geographies, 22(3): 599–609. DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2020.1762120.

Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2020). Socialising tourism for social and ecological justice after COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 22(3): 610- 620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1757748.

Higgins-Desbiolles, F., Bigby, B.Ch. & Doering, A. (2021). Socialising tourism after COVID-19: reclaiming tourism as a social force? Journal of tourism futures, 8(2): 1-12.DOI: 10.1108/JTF-03-2021-0058.

Huang, S. & Wang, X. (2022). COVID-19 two years on: a review of COVID-19-related empirical research in major tourism and hospitality journals. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, ahead-of-print. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2022-0393.

Informacja z rynków zagranicznych (2020). Polska Organizacja Turystyczna (POT). Warszawa.

Ioannides, D. & Gyimothy, S. (2020). The COVID-19 crisis as an opportunity for escaping the unsustainable global tourism path. Tourism Geographies, 22(3): 624–632. DOI:10.1080/14616688.2020.1763445.

Jacobsen, J.K.S., Farstad, E., Higham, J., Hopkins, D. & Landa-Mata, I. (2021). Travel discontinuities, enforced holi-daying-at-home and alternative leisure travel futures after COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2021.1943703.

Jones, P. (2022). A Review of the UK’s Tourism Recovery Plans Post COVID-19. Athens Journal of Tourism, 9(1): 9-18. doi: 10.30958/ajt.9-1-1.

Kennell, J. (2020). Tourism policy research after the covid-19 pandemic: reconsidering the role of the state in tourism. Skyline Business Journal, 16(1): 68-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37383/SBJ160106.

Kock, F., Nǿrfelt, A., Josiassen, A., Assaf, A.G. & Tsionas, M.G. (2020). Understanding the COVID-19 psyche: The evolutionary tourism paradigm. Annals of Tourism Research, 85: 103053. DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2020.103053.

Korinth, B. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on foreign travel plans of Polish tourists, 2020. Studia Periegetica, 32 (4): 59-69. DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.658.

Kowalczyk-Anioł, J. & Pawlusiński, R. (2021a). Miasto turystyczne wobec pandemii COVID-19. Pierwsze doświadczenia w świetle literatury przedmiotu (A tourist city in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. First experiences in the light of the literature on the subject - in Polish). Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, Sectio B, LXXVI: 208. Available at: https://journals.umcs.pl/b/article/view/12670/9313.

Kowalczyk-Anioł, J.; Grochowicz, M. & Pawlusiński, R. (2021b). How a Tourism City Responds to COVID-19: A CEE Perspective (Kraków Case Study). Sustainability, 13: 7914. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147914.

Kowalska, K. & Niezgoda, A. (2020). COVID-19 as a tourist activity inhibitor as evidenced by Poles’ holiday plans. Studia Periegetica, 4(32): 9-24. DOI: https://doi. org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6526.

Kwok, A.O.J. & Koh, S.G.M. (2021). COVID-19 and Extended Reality (XR). Current Issues in Tourism, 24(14): 1935-1940. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1798896.

Li, J., Nguyen, T.H.H. & Coca-Stefaniak, J.A. (2020). Coronavirus impacts on post-pandemic travel behaviours. Annals of Tourism Research, 86: 102964. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102964.

Marques Santos, A., Madrid Gonzalez, C., Haegeman, K. & Rainoldi, A. (2020). Behavioural Changes in Tourism in Times of COVID-19. Luxembourg: European Commission. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. doi: 10.2760/00411.

Matczak, A., Bik, J., Dynkowska, K., Paprzycka, J., Stępowska, E. & Żak, A. (2022). Obraz turystyki w łódzkich mediach i jego odbiór przez mieszkańców w pierwszym roku pandemii COVID-19 (Image of tourism in Łódź media and its reception by residents in the first year of COVID-19 pandemic- in Polish). In: Makowska-Iskierka M., Wojciechowska J. (eds.) Warsztaty z Geografii Turyzmu, 12. Percepcja turystyki w przestrzeni i w czasie pandemii COVID-19, s. 57-66. (The image of tourism in the Łódź media and its reception by residents in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic - in Polish). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/8220-907-5.03.

Miedziński, M. (2022). Rozwój bazy noclegowej Kołobrzegu i jego zaplecza w czasie pierwszych dwóch lat trwania pandemii COVID-19 (Development of Kolobrzeg accommodation and facilities during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic- in Polish). In: Makowska-Iskierka M., Wojciechowska J. (eds.) Warsztaty z Geografii Turyzmu, 12. Percepcja turystyki w przestrzeni i w czasie pandemii COVID-19, s. 33-55. (Development of the Kołobrzeg accommodation base during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic - in Polish). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/8220-907-5.02.

MMGY Travel Intelligence (2020). Travel Intentions Pulse Survey (TIPS) Impact of COVID-19. New York: MMGY Travel Intelligence.

Napierała, T., Leśniewska-Napierała, K. & Burski, R. (2020). Impact of geographic distribution of COVID-19 cases on hotels’ performances: Case of Polish cities. Sustainability, 12(11): 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114697.

Niewiadomski, P. (2020). COVID-19: from temporary de-globalisation to a re-discovery of tourism? Tourism Geographies, 22(3): 651-656. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1 4616688.2020.1757749.

OECD. (2020a). Rebuilding Tourism for the Future: COVID-19 Policy Response and Recovery. Paris: OECD. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/47045bae-en.

OECD. (2020b). The Future of Tourism in Natural Areas: Impact, Governance, Financing. Paris: OECD. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/cfe/leed/2020-TourNat-Toolkit.pdf.

Qiu, R.T.R., Park, J., Li, S. & Song, H. (2020). Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research, 84: 102994: doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102994.

Pahrudin, P., Liu L.W., Li, S.Y., Fahrurrozi, M. & Ali, M. (2022). Investigating the covid-19 outbreak and tourism sector for future research agenda: a bibliometric analysis approach. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 42: 824–831. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.422spl23-894.

Panasiuk, A. (2020). Przyczynek do badań nad wpływem pandemii na stan gospodarki turystycznej (A contribution to research on the impact of the pandemic on the state of the tourism economy - in Polish). Turystyka w Naukach Społecznych. Ekonomia i Finanse, 3. Available at: https://przedsiebiorczosc.uj.edu.pl/turystyka-w-naukach-spolecznych-tom-3.

Polyzos, S., Samitas, A. & Spyridou, A.E. (2021) Tourism demand and the COVID-19 pandemic: an LSTM approach. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(2): 175-187. DOI: 10.1080/02508281.2020.1777053.

Prideaux, B., Thompson, M. & Pabel, A. (2020). Lessons from COVID-19 can prepare global tourism for the economic transformation needed to combat climate change. Tourism Geographies, 22(3): 667–678. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1762117.

Rocznik Statystyczny (Statistical Yearbook of Poland) (1977). GUS (Central Statistical Office), Warsaw.

Rocznik Statystyczny (Statistical Yearbook of Poland) (1989). GUS (Central Statistical Office), Warsaw.

Rocznik Statystyczny (Statistical Yearbook of Poland) (1990). GUS (Central Statistical Office), Warsaw.

Rocznik Statystyczny (Statistical Yearbook of Poland) (2001). GUS (Central Statistical Office), Warsaw.

Rocznik Statystyczny (Statistical Yearbook of Poland) (2021). GUS (Central Statistical Office), Warszawa-Warsaw

Rogerson, C.M & Rogerson, J.M. (2021). COVID-19 and Changing Tourism Demand: Research Review and Policy Implications for South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 10(1): 1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-83.

Romagosa, F. (2020). The COVID-19 crisis: Opportunities for sustainable and proximity tourism. Tourism Geographies, 22(3): 690–694. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1763447.

Sánchez-Cañizares, S.M., Cabeza-Ramírez, L.J., Muñoz-Fernández, G. & Fuentes-García, F.J. (2020). Impact of the perceived risk from Covid-19 on intention to travel. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1829571.

Škare, M., Soriano, D.R. & Porada-Rochoń, M. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on the travel and tourism industry. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 163: 120469. DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120469.

Sharma, G.D., Thomas, A. & Paul, J. (2021). Reviving tourism industry post-COVID-19: A resilience-based framework. Tourism Management Perspectives, 37: 100786. doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100786.

Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research, 117: 312–321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.015.

Stojczew, K. (2021). Ocena wpływu pandemii koronawirusa na branżę turystyczną w Polsce (Assessment of impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the tourism industry in Poland- in Polish). Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, 65(1): 157-172. DOI: 10.15611/pn.2021.1.09.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism Sector Demand and Supply in South Africa. (2021). Final report: University of Johannesburg.

Turystyka w Polsce w obliczu pandemii COVID-19 (Tourism in Poland in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic- in Polish). (2020). Informacje Sygnalne. GUS.

Turystyka w 2018 r. (Tourism in 2018 - in Polish) GUS 2019. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/kultura-turystyka-sport/

Turystyka w 2019 r. (Tourism in 2019) - in Polish) GUS 2020. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/kultura-turystyka-sport/

Turystyka w 2020 r. (Tourism in 2020 - in Polish) GUS 2021. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/kultura-turystyka-sport/

Turystyka w 2021 r. (Tourism in 2021 - in Polish) GUS 2022. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/kultura-turystyka-sport/

UNWTO (2021a). 2020: A year in review. Available at: https://www.unwto.org/covid-19-and-tourism-2020.

UNWTO. (2021b). This crisis is an opportunity to rethink the tourism sector. Available at: https://www.unwto.org/un-tourism-news-21.

UNWTO (2020a). Understanding Domestic Tourism and Seizing its Opportunities. Madrid: UNWTO. Available at: https://doi.org/ 10.18111/9789284422111.

UNWTO (2020b). UNWTO Recommendations on Tourism and Rural Development: A Guide to Making Tourism An Effective Tool For Rural Development. Madrid: UNWTO. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284422173.

Utkarsh & Sigala, M. (2021). A bibliometric review of research on COVID-19 and tourism: Reflections for moving forward. Tourism Management Perspectives, 40: 100912. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100912.

Viglia, G. & Dolnicar, S. (2020) A review of experiments in tourism and hospitality. Annals of Tourism Research, 80: 102858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102858.

Visit Britain. (2020). COVID-19 Consumer Monthly Profiling Report. London: Visit Britain.

Volgger, M., Taplin, R. & Aebli, A. (2021). Recovery of domestic tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic: An experimental comparison of interventions. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 48: 428-440. doi: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.07.015.

Walas, B. & Kruczek, Z. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on tourism in Cracow in the eyes of tourism entrepreneurs. Studia Periegetica, 30(2): 79-95. DOI: https://doi. org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3664.

Wang, M., Kunasekaran, P. & Rasoolimanesh, S.M. (2022) What influences people’s willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine for international travel?, Current Issues in Tourism, 25(2): 192-197. DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2021.1929874.

Widomski, M. (2020). Turystyka krajowa a pandemia (Domestic tourism vs. pandemic- in Polish). Poszerzamy Horyzonty, 21(1): 771-779.

Wojcieszak-Zbierska, M.M., Jęczmyk, A., Zawadka, J. & Uglis, J. (2020). Agritourism in the Era of the Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Rapid Assessment from Poland. Agriculture, 10: 397. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10090397.

World Travel & Tourism Council: Global Economic Impact & Trends 2021.

World Travel & Tourism Council: Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Global Trends 2022.

Yang, Y., Altschuler, B., Liang, Z. & Li, X.R. (2021). Monitoring the global COVID-19 impact on tourism: The COVID-19 tourism index. Annals of Tourism Research, 90: 103120. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2020.103120.

Yang, Y., Zhang, C.X. & Rickly, J.M. (2021). A review of early COVID-19 research in tourism: Launching the Annals of Tourism Research's Curated Collection on coronavirus and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 91: 103313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103313.

Zeng, Z., Chen, P.J. & Lew, A.A. (2020). From high-touch to high-tech: COVID-19 drives robotics adoption. Tourism Geographies, 22(3): 724–734. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1762118.

Zheng, D., Luo, Q. & Ritchie, B. (2021). Afraid to travel after COVID-19?: Self-protection, coping and resilience against pandemic ‘travel fear’. Tourism Management, 83: 104261. DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104261.

Zenker, S. & Kock, F. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic – A critical discussion of a tourism research agenda. Tourism Management, 81: 104164. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104164.

Zenker, S., Braun, E. & Gyimóthy, S. (2021). Too afraid to travel?: Development of a pandemic (COVID-19) anxiety travel scale (PATS). Tourism Management, 84, doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104164.

Zhang, H., Song, H., Wen, L. & Liu, C. (2021). Forecasting tourism recovery amid COVID-19. Annals of Tourism Research, 87: 103149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103149.

Zopiatis, A., Pericleous, K. & Theofanous, Y. (2020). COVID-19 and hospitality and tourism research: An integrative review. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 48: 275-279. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.07.002.

Tourist mobility of Polish residents in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Authors

DOI:

Keywords

Abstract

References

Downloads

Published

How to Cite

Issue

Section

License

Stats

Search

Browse

User

Current Issue

Information

Newsletter

Tags

Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series

Tourist mobility of Polish residents in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Authors

DOI:

Keywords

Abstract

References

Downloads

Published

How to Cite

Issue

Section

License

Stats

Search

Browse

User

Current Issue

Information

Newsletter

Tags