Cultural Clusters as a Local Economic Development Strategy in Rural, Small Town Areas: The Sarah Baartman District in South Africa.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2478/bog-2019-0007Keywords
clustering, creative industries, GIS mapping, rural areas, South AfricaAbstract
Theory suggests that the cultural and creative industries (CCIs) cluster in cities where levels of socio-economic development are higher and where they can take advantage of the city’s hard and soft infrastructure. However, some South African rural areas and small towns have identified the CCIs as potential economic drivers. This paper investigates the relationship between the presence of CCIs in non-metropolitan spaces and levels of socio-economic development using a municipal level socio-economic status index and GIS mapping. Results show that there is a positive relationship between larger numbers of CCIs and higher levels of development. It is suggested that a threshold level of development must be met before the CCIs will cluster in an area and become a viable option for promoting local economic development.
References
Bain, A. (2016). Suburban creativity and innovation. In: Shearmur, R., Carrincazeaux, C. and Doloreux, D. editors, Handbook on the Geographies of Innovation, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 266-276.
Bell, D. and Jayne, M. (2010). The creative countryside: Policy and practice in the UK rural cultural economy. Journal of Rural Studies, 26(3), 209-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrur-stud.2010.01.001.
Booysen, F., Van Der Berg, S., Burger, R., Von Maltitz, M. and Du Rand, G. (2008). Using an asset index to assess trends in poverty in seven Sub-Saharan African countries. World Development, 38(6), 1113-1130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.10.008.
Botha, F. (2016). The Good African Society Index. Social Indicators Research, 126(1), 57-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0891-z.
Camdeboo Municipality. (2018). Dr Beyers Naudé Local Municipality. Retrieved from: http://www.camdeboo.gov.za/, DoA: 03.05.2018.
CCI Spillovers Report. (2015). Cultural and Creative Spillovers in Europe. Retrieved from: http://www.kulturradet.se/Documents/Kulturkontakt/EU/2015/Cultural%20and%20creative%20spillovers%20in%20Europe%20-%20full%20report.pdf, DoA: 16.03.2016.
Daniel, R. (2014). Building the Northern Australian vision through creative industries: The case of Cairns in far north Queensland. Creative Industries Journal, 7(2), 134-147. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17510694.2014.961699.
Daniel, R., Fleischmann, K. and Welters, R. (2018). Creativity in the “Torrid” zone: Creative industries and the vision for Northern Australia. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 24(4), 451-465. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2016.1221949.
DataFirst. (2016). South Africa – South African Census 2011, 10% sample. DataFirst Report August 28 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index.php/catalog/485, DoA: 18/11/2017.
De Beukelaer, C. (2015). Developing Cultural Industries: Learning from the Palimpsest of Practice. Amsterdam: European Cultural Foundation. Retrieved from: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/526e5978e4b0b83086a1fede/t/5750385f07eaa0c3dd9762f1/1464875106402/CPRA_Christiaan+DeBeukelaer.pdf, DoA: 29.05.2018.
Department of Arts and Culture. (2014). DAC National Mapping Study: Final Report. December 2014. Pretoria: Department of Arts and Culture.
Filmer, D. and Pritchett, L.H. (2001). Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data – or tears: An application to educational enrolments in states of India. Demography, 38(1), 115-132.
Flew, T. (2010). Toward a cultural economic geography of creative industries and urban development: Introduction to the special issue on the creative industries and urban development. The Information Society, 26(2), 85-91. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01972240903562704.
Flew. T. and Cunningham, S. (2010). Creative industries after the first decade of debate. The Information Society, 26(2), 113-123. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01972240903562753.
Florida, R. (2002). The economic geography of talent. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94(2), 743-755. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.00314.
Florida, R. (2003). Cities and the creative class. City and Community, 2(1), 3-19.
Gregory, J.J. and Rogerson, C.M. (2018). Suburban creativity: The geography of creative industries in Johannesburg. Bulletin of Geography: Socio-Economic Series, 39(39), 31-52. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2018-0003.
Halseth, G. and Meiklejohn, C. (2009). Indicators of small town tourism development potential: The case of Fouriesburg, South Africa. Urban Forum, 20, 293-317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-009-9064-y.
Harrison, P. and Todes, A. (2015). Spatial transformation in a “loosening state”: South Africa in a comparative perspective. Geoforum, 61, 148-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.03.003.
Hoogendoorn, G. and Nel, E. (2012). Exploring small town development dynamics in rural South Africa’s post-productivist landscapes. Donaldson, R. and Marais, L. editors, Small Town Geographies in Africa: Experiences from South Africa and Elsewhere, New York: Nova Science, 21-34.
Hoogendoorn, G. and Visser, G. (2016). South Africa’s small towns: A review on recent research. Local Economy, 31(1-2), 95-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094215618865.
Howe, L.D., Hargreaves, J.R. and Huttly, S.R.A. (2008). Issues in the construction of wealth indices for the measurement of socio-economic position in low-income countries. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology, 5(3), 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-7622-5-3.
Ingle, M. (2012). Tarring the road to Mecca: Dilemmas of infrastructural development in a small Karoo town.
Donaldson, R. and Marais, L. editors, Small Town Geographies in Africa: Experiences from South Africa and Elsewhere, New York: Nova Science, 209-222.
Irvine, P.M., Kepe, T., De Wet, D.T. and Hamunime, N.P. (2016). Whose Mecca? Divergent experiences of post-productivism and tourism in Nieu Bethesda, South Africa. South African Geographical Journal, 98(2), 386-401. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080
/03736245.2015.1052843.
Landry, C. (2012). The Origins and Futures of the Creative City. London: Comedia.
Lankester, T., Snowball, J.D., Chippendale, E. and Ndhlovu, R. (2016). The Cultural and Creative Industries in the Sarah Baartman Municipal District: Development Potential and Cultural Policy. National Arts Festival. December 2016.
McGuigan, J. (2009). Doing a Florida thing: The creative class thesis and cultural policy. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 15(3), 291-300. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286630902763281.
Miles, M. (2005). Interruptions: Testing the rhetoric of culturally led urban development. Urban Studies, 42(5-6), 889-911. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500107375.
Mzansi’s Golden Economy Guidelines. (2016). Mzansi’s Golden Economy Guidelines: Criteria, Eligibility, Processes and Systems 2016/2017. Department of Arts and Culture. Retrieved from: http://www.dac.gov.za/sites/default/files/eForms/2016-17-guidelines-for-mzansi-golden-economy-1-0-final.pdf, DoA: 25.01.2018.
Nel, E. and Binns, J. (2007). Evolving economic marginality and local economic development responses in selected South African gold and coal mining areas.
Valenca, M., Nel, E. and Leimgruber, W. editors, The Global Challenge and Marginality, New York: Nova Science, 197-208.
Sacco, P. and Segre, G. (2009). Creativity, cultural investment and local development: A new theoretical framework for endogenous growth. Fratesi, U. and Senn, L. editors, Growth and Innovation of Competitive Regions – The Role of Internal and External Connections, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 281-294.
Sacco, P., Ferilli, G. and Blessi, G.T. (2014). Understanding culture-led local development: A critique of alternative theoretical explanations. Urban studies, 51(13), 2806-2821. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013512876.
Sarah Baartman District Municipality (SBDM). (2016). Sarah Baartman District Municipality. Retrieved from: http://www.sarahbaartman.co.za/, DoA: 28.01.2018.
Sarah Baartman District Municipality (SBDM). (2017). Sarah Baartman District Municipality Integrated Development Plan 2017-2022. Retrieved from: http://www.sarahbaartman.co.za/content/download/516, DoA: 28.01.2018.
Statistics South Africa. (2016). Community Survey 2016: Provinces at a Glance. Retrieved from: http://cs2016.statssa.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/CS-2016-Provinces-at-a-glance.pdf, DoA: 29.01.2018.
Statistics South Africa. (2018). Statistics South Africa: My Settlement. Retrieved from: [http://www.statssa.gov.za/, DoA: 15.01.2018.
Toerien, D. and Marais, L. (2012). Classification of South African towns revisited. Donaldson, R. and Marais, L. editors, Small Town Geographies in Africa: Experiences from South Africa and Elsewhere, New York: Nova Science, 3-20.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2009). 2009 UNESCO Framework for Cultural Statistics. Montreal: UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Waitt, G. and Gibson, C. (2009). Creative small cities: Rethinking the creative economy in space. Urban Studies, 46(5-6), 1223-1246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009103862.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Title, logo and layout of journal Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series are reserved trademarks of Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series.Stats
Number of views and downloads: 1323
Number of citations: 18
