Wleń as a central place
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/AHP.2016.009Keywords
cultural landscape, Silesia, settlement microregion, Middle Ages, Post-medieval periodAbstract
The article presents an analysis of conditions and course of historical development of the microregion around the castle and the town Wleń in pre-industrial times. The previous knowledge about the structure of the settlement unit and its changes based on the results of historical and archaeological research conducted by traditional methods. They were focused on the medieval castle, while other elements of the unit remained outside the scope of research. Currently available non-invasive research techniques, as well as interdisciplinary collaboration, created new analyses capabilities. They allowed to break the impasse and to look at the Wleń district from a different perspective. There were not challenged the existing research achievements, the aim is rather to enrich them. The development of settlements in the Wleń microregion was initiated by creation of stronghold and adjacent settlement on Góra Zamkowa (Castle Hill) in the second half of the 10th or the early 11th century. Their remains are poorly preserved, making it difficult to determine the original range and transformations. The presence of the stronghold and the settlement was confirmed by excavations in some points. The attempts to clarify their range were carried out by non-invasive techniques – geomagnetic prospection and analysis of digital terrain model. The results lead to general conclusions requiring further research. This applies particularly to the northern range of the early medieval settlement, as well as the transformations of structure of a village functioning in the late Middle Ages and in Post-medieval period. We know that its boundaries were not stable, they underwent changes associated with organization of castle’s foregrounds and construction of Postmedieval fortifications. The structure of the village was repeatedly destroyed during sieges of the fortresses, especially in the 15th century, during the Hussite wars. The stabilization of the village structure occurred as late as after abandonment of the castle in 1646 and construction of a new, Baroque mansion. Written sources concerning transformations of ownership, tax system and ranges of parishes allow to conclude that at least in the early 13th century around the castle a settlement background formed. Hence, there are mentioned in 1217 villages Bystrzyca, Nielestno, Strzyżowiec and Pilchowice, a few kilometers away from the castle and still subordinate to it. Early dating of the villages and source suggestions about the traditional feudal duties allow to cautiously conclude that they belonged to a local, pre-colonization settlement. At the same time there is information about progressive legal and economic transformations, specific for the so-called eastern colonization. It concerns the replacement of the traditional tax in squirrel furs by new tax paid in grain. It is hard to be certain which villages of the Wleń district formed in the early stages of colonization. However, we know that by the end of the 13th century rural settlement background was already quite rich. It consisted of the following villages: Bełczyna, Dębowy Gaj, Dłużec, Golejów, Mojesz, Pławna, Płóczki Górne, Rząśnik and Sobota; another formed in the 14th century, stabilizing the network of rural settlements. Few were founded in the early Post-medieval period, covering zones with lower agricultural suitability. The town of Wleń was founded below the castle, on the left bank terrace of the Bóbr River, largely exposed to floods. The first certain information about the town comes from 1261, when Marcin mayor of Wleń was mentioned. However, there is local tradition, based on direct assumptions, according to which the town was founded as early as in 1214. Metrological analysis of cartographic sources, cadastral plans and current layout of buildings leads to conclusion that it had a band plan, closed at its main part in a rectangle with dimensions of 375–376 × 280 m. Rectangular market square, with dimensions of 102 × 77 m, was located in the centre of this system. The parish church was built on a slight elevation, at the western border of the built-up zone. Its position was marked by axis running through the centre of the market square and whole regular system. The analysis of the digital terrain model shows that the town had no fortifications – no remains of moats or ramparts were found. The only guard to the north and east remained the Bóbr River, bending there. Western edge of the town coincided with the foothills of Góra Zamkowa From the surface prospection conducted in 1986, is known a compex of medieval and post-medieval border stones and mounds. In a paper describing them was presented an attempt to interpret them and their chronological division into several series. Next surface research in 2013–2014 greatly enriched source basis for research on boundaries of the territory of the town and the castle Wleń. Newly discovered border stones and mounds are arranged in previously unknown two bands of boundary lines. The range of marks engraved on stones increased, thus requiring a new typological and chronological division. Guided by the location of marks and mounds and the form of marks a new interpretation within seven series was proposed. An attempt to reconstruct the course of boundaries was undertaken and an analysis of their visibility was carried out. The road network within the Weichbild was reconstructed using several methods. Essential was Distance Cost Analysis associated with the GIS instruments. The foundation of calculations was the digital terrain model. The results were correlated with cartographic sources, the oldest of which dates back to the 18th century. The reconstruction concerns the connections between the centre of the microregion – i.e. the castle and the town Wleń – and neighbouring central places: Jelenia Góra, Lwówek, Świerzawa, Lubomierz and Złotoryja, as well as local roads. At least some of the roads reconstructed for the Middle Ages had a substantial durability, confirmed by the presence on the 18th–20th-century maps. An important element of the cultural landscape were also remains of the law execution. In the study area the execution places had the form of gallows situated outside the built-up areas. Cartographic sources allow to locate some of these structures – one of them was excavated. An analysis of the visibility of gallows from the castle, town and villages and major roads was carried out. The GIS instruments were used, realizing the transformation of forests and land development, changing in a way, the resulting image. The results present symbolic and deterrent function of gallows, enriching the knowledge about the organization of the cultural landscape. The materials obtained in the course of the research on elements of the cultural landscape of Wleń microregion created the first in the region, interdisciplinary source base for the study on transformations of the settlement network and its background to the pre-industrial times. This paper is a summary of their analysis.
References
Ducatus Silesiae tabula – Ducatus Silesiae tabula geographica prima, Inferiore meius partem, seu novem Principatus, quorum insignia hic adjecta sunt, secundum statum recentissimum complectens. Ad mentem Hasiani autographi majoris legitime delineata et editacuris Homann Heredum, J. M. Haas, Nürnberg 1745; Biblioteka Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Oddział Zbiorów Kartograficznych, sygn. 2462–IV.B.
Krieges-Carte von Schlesie – Krieges-Carte von Schlesie 1747–1753, Ch. F. von Wrede; Staatsbibliothek in Berlin, sygn. Kart N 15 060.
Messtischblätter – Messtischblatt – Topographische Karte 1:25 000, Ostdeutschland 1880–1945, Königliche Preussische Landes-Aufnahme, Berlin (dostęp: 06.08.2015: http://mapy.amzp.pl/).
Principatus Silesiae Iavoriensis – Principatus Silesiae Iavoriensis in IV circulos Iaver, Hirschberg, Lemberg und Buntzlau, J. W. Wieland, M. von Schubarth, Norimbergae 1736; Centralna Biblioteka Geografii i Ochrony Środowiska Instytutu Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN, sygn. D.4833.
Schlesien – Schlesien links der Oder ohne die Grafschaft Glatz, in 2 Teilen zu 72 und 25 Sektionen ca 1: 24 000, 1764–1770, L. W. Regler; Staatsbibliothek in Berlin, sygn. Kart N 15 140.
Urmesstischblätter – Urmesstischblätter; Staatsbibliothek in Berlin, sygn. Kart N 729.
ŚSA – Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, Wrocław
Archaeology of landscape, 1999 Archaeology of landscape. Contemporary perspectives, red. W. Ashmore, A. Knapp, Malden.
Aston M., 1985 The landscape. Landscape archaeology and local history, London.
Boguszewicz A., 1998 Przemiany w XIII-wiecznym budownictwie obronnym, [w:] Kultura średniowiecznego Śląska i Czech. „Rewolucja” XIII wieku, red. K. Wachowski, Wrocław, s. 97–111.
Boguszewicz A., 2001 Nienawiść Rudego Smoka do Bolesława a geneza zamków romańskich na Śląsku, [w:] Zamek i dwór w średniowieczu od XI do XV wieku, red. J. Wiesiołowski, J. Kowalski, Poznań, s. 18–23.
Boguszewicz A., 2010 Corona Silesiae. Zamki Piastów fuerstenberskich na południowym pograniczu księstwa jaworskiego, świdnickiego i ziębickiego do połowy XIV wieku, Wrocław.
Buśko C., 1991 Średniowieczne kamienie graniczne z okolicy Wlenia, woj. jeleniogórskie, Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis, Studia Archeologiczne 20, s. 97–123.
Buśko C., 1998 Die Burg Lähn im 12.–17. Jahrhundert, Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae, t. 3, s. 273–285.
Buśko C., Dymek K., Piekalski J., 1990 Rezultaty badań wykopaliskowych przeprowadzonych na zamku we Wleniu w 1988 roku, ŚSA, t. 31, s. 283–308.
Buśko C., Dymek K., Piekalski J., 1991 Badania architektoniczno-archeologiczne na zamku wleńskim w 1989 r., ŚSA, t. 32, s. 239–261.
Buśko C., Dymek K., Piekalski J., Buśko C., Dymek K., Piekalski J., 1992 Zamek Wleń w świetle badań przeprowadzonych w 1990 r., ŚSA, t. 33, s. 101–111.
Buśko C., Dymek K., Piekalski J., 1993 Badania archeologiczno-architektoniczne przeprowadzone na zamku Wleń w 1991 r., ŚSA, t. 34, s. 367–384.
Buśko C., Dymek K., Piekalski J., 1994 Zamek Wleń w świetle ostatnich badań, ŚSA, t. 35, s. 427–441.
Buśko C., Michniewicz J., 2006 Application of petrographical comparative analysis in dating of spatial development of the castle Wleń, Przegląd Archeologiczny, t. 54, s. 18–211.
Buśko C., Niegoda J., Piekalski J., 1996 Badania na zamku wleńskim w latach 1993–1994, ŚSA, t. 37, s. 277–287.
Chorowska M., 2003 Rezydencje średniowieczne na Śląsku. Zamki, pałace, wieże mieszkalne, Wrocław.
Chorowska M., 2008 Zwischen palatium und castrum. Eine Stellungnahme zum Beginn der Burgen in Schlesien im 12.–13. Jahrhundert, Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae, t. 13, s. 63–88.
Chorowska M., 2010 Parcelacja Głogowa na tle lokacji miejskich na Śląsku, [w:] Glogovia Maior. Wielki Głogów między blaskiem dziejów i cieniem ruin, red. B. Czechowicz, M. Konopnicka, Głogów–Zielona Góra, s. 123–138 i 445–450.
Chorowska M., Dudziak T,. Jaworski K., Kwaśniewski A., 2009 Zamki i dwory obronne w Sudetach, t. 2: Księstwo Jaworskie, Wrocław.
Chorowska M., Jerzyk W., Paszkiewicz B., Piekalski J., 2008 Sprawozdanie z badań wykopaliskowych zamku Wleń w 2005 r., ŚSA, t. 50, s. 303–322.
Conrad O., Bechtel B., Bock M., Dietrich H., Fischer E., Gerlitz L., Wehberg J., Wichmann V., Böhner J., 2015 System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA) v. 2.1.4, Geoscientific Model Development, t. 8 (https://sourceforge.net/projects/saga-gis/files/).
Christaller W., 1933 Die zentralen Orte in Süddeutschland, Jena.
Ejstrud B., 2005 Costsurface analysis and ancient roads: a comparison, [w:] Temps et espaces de l’homme en société, analyses et modèles spatiaux en archéologie, red. J.-F. de Berger i in., Antibes, s. 135–139.
Gawlas S., 2000 O kształt zjednoczonego królestwa, wyd. 2, Warszawa.
Hellmich M., 1937 Die Zeichen des Grenzsteines von Lähn, Altschlesische Blätter, R. 12, nr 5/6, s. 138–143.
Hoskins W. G., 1969 The making of the english landscape, London.
Jankuhn H., 1977 Ein führung in die Siedlungs archäologie, Berlin–New York.
Jankuhn H., 1983 Wprowadzenie do archeologii osadnictwa, Warszawa.
Jasiewicz J., Makohonienko M., 2009 Zastosowania metod GIS w analizie pradziejowych i średniowiecznych szlaków migracji – uwagi wstępne, [w:] Zapis działalności człowieka w środowisku przyrodniczym, Środowisko i kultura, t. 6, red. I. Hildebrandt-Radke, J. Jasiewicz, M. Lutyńska, Poznań, s. 57–59.
Jaworski G., 2009 Opracowanie wyników nadzoru archeologicznego przeprowadzonego we Wleniu w Wleńskim Gródku (Łupki) w 2008 roku, maszynopis w: „Attyka”. Pracownia Archeologiczno-Konserwatorska i Architektoniczna mgr Grzegorz Jaworski, Lwówek Śląski.
Jaworski G., Marcinkiewicz S., Piekalski J., Siemianowska S., 2012 Badania na zamku Wleń. Budowle 6 i 7 na zamku górnym, ŚSA, t. 54, s. 143–273.
Kajzer L., Kołodziejski S., Salm J., 2003 Leksykon zamków w Polsce, Warszawa.
Kaźmierczyk J., 1978 Znaki naskalne w Górach Śląskich, Prace i Materiały Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Łodzi, Seria Archeologiczna nr 25, s. 195–203.
Kaźmierczyk J., Jaworski K., 1991 Znaki graniczne koło wsi Sosnówka na tle znaków śląskich. Wyniki badań archeologicznych na projektowanej czaszy zbiornika wodnego „Sosnówka” uzyskane w 1988 r., Studia Archeologiczne, t. 20, s. 125–161.
Kiersnowski R., 1960 Znaki graniczne w Polsce średniowiecznej, Archeologia Polski, t. 5, z. 2, s. 257–289.
KDS, 1951 Kodeks Dyplomatyczny Śląska, t. 1, wyd. K. Maleczyński, Wrocław.
Knoblich A., 1863 Chronik von Lähn und Burg Lähnhaus am Bober, Urkundliche Beiträge zur Geschichte der Städte, Ritterburgen, Fürsten und Adelsgeschlechter Schlesiens, Breslau.
Konias A., 1995 Kartograficzny obraz Śląska na podstawie map księstw śląskich Jana Wolfganga Wielanda i Mateusza Schubartha z połowy XVIII wieku: (z oceną kartometryczną), Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach, nr 1462, Katowice.
Landbuch, 2000 Landbuch księstw świdnickiego i jaworskiego, t. 2: 1385–1395, red. t. Jurek, Poznań.
Landbuch, 2004 Landbuch księstw świdnickiego i jaworskiego, t. 1: 1366–1376, red. t. Jurek, Poznań.
Landbuch, 2007 Landbuch księstw świdnickiego i jaworskiego, t. 3: 1396–1407, red. t. Jurek, Poznań.
Legut M., 2008 Ryty naskalne – ślady poszukiwaczy złota i kamieni szlachetnych w Sudetach, [w:] Kultura materialna średniowiecza w Polsce, red. P. Kucypera, S. Wadyl, Toruń, s. 203–218.
Leusen van P. M., 2002 Pattern to process: methodological investigations into the formation and interpretation of spatial patterns in archaeological landscapes (dostęp: 24.07.2015: https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/7002343/thesis.pdf).
LFEV, 1889 Liber Fundationis Episcopatus Vratislaviensis, red. H. Markgraf, J. W. Schulte, Codex Diplomaticus Silesiae, t. 14, Breslau.
Marek L., Piekalski J., 2005 Dalsze badania zamku Wleń w 2004 r., ŚSA, t. 47, s. 161–174.
Michniewicz J., Nawrocka D., Pazdur A., Żurakowska M., 2007 Issue of actual chronology of a Romanes que chapel at the Wleń castle (Lower Silesia, Poland) in the light of mortar radiocarbon dating, Geochronometria, t. 26, s. 31–33.
Mikulski S. Z., Oszczepalski S., Wojciechowski A., 2011 Weryfikacja stanu wiedzy o złożach złota wraz z aktualną oceną perspektyw złożowych, Warszawa.
Modzelewski K., 1975 Organizacja gospodarcza państwa piastowskiego w X–XIII wieku, Wrocław.
Moździoch S., 1990 Organizacja gospodarcza państwa wczesnopiastowskiego na Śląsku. Studium archeologiczne, Wrocław.
Moździoch S., 1994 The origins of the medieval Polish towns, Archaeologia Polona, t. 32, s. 129–153.
Mruczek R., 2005 Wieloboczny bergfried zamku we Wleniu na tle architektury śląskiej i europejskiej, [w:] Nie tylko zamki. Szkice ofiarowane Profesorowi Jerzemu Rozpędowskiemu w 75 rocznicę urodzin, Wrocław, s. 55–71.
Münch H., 1965 Melioratio terrae nostrae. Szkice z dziejów miast Polski średniowiecznej, Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki, t. 10, s. 65–85.
Nowakowa J., 1951 Rozmieszczenie komór celnych i przebieg dróg handlowych na Śląsku do końca XIV wieku, Wrocław.
Nowakowski D., 2009 Od kasztelanii do weichbildu. Podziały wewnętrzne ziemi głogowskiej w średniowieczu, [w:] Stare i nowe w średniowieczu – pomiędzy innowacją a tradycją, Spotkania Bytomskie 6, red. S. Moździoch, Wrocław, s. 263–278.
Orzechowski K., 1971a Terytorialne podziały na Śląsku. Granice. Miejsce w wyższych strukturach politycznych, Kwartalnik Opolski, R. 17, nr 2, s. 53–69.
Orzechowski K., 1971b Terytorialne podziały na Śląsku. III. Wiek XIV i XV, Kwartalnik Opolski, R. 17, nr 4, s. 83–105.
Pauk M., Wółkiewicz E., 2013 The administrative structure of Silesia as a determinant of legal and constitutional cohesion (12th–15th century), [w:] Cuius regio? Ideological and territorial cohesion of the historical region of Silesia (c. 1000–2000), t. 1, red. L. Harc, P. Wiszewski, R. Żerelik, Wrocław, s. 82–91.
Piekalski J., Wysocka I., 2000 Badania wykopaliskowe zamku we Wleniu w 1999 roku, ŚSA, t. 42, s. 217– 226.
Piekalski J., Wysocka I., 2001 Badania zamku Wleń w 2000 r., ŚSA, t. 43, s. 351–362.
Rozpędowski J., 1999 Schlesien, [w:] H. von Böhme i in., Burgen in Mitteleuropa. Ein Handbuch, Stuttgart, s. 265–268.
Siedlungen und Landesausbau, 1991 Siedlungen und Landesausbau zur Salierzeit, red. H. Böhme, Sigmaringen.
Stamm E., 1936 Miary powierzchni w dawnej Polsce, Kraków.
SUB, 1984 Schlesisches Urkundenbuch, t. 3, wyd. W. Irgang, Koeln–Wien.
Tobler W., 1993 Three presentations on geographical analysis and modeling. Non-isotropic geographic modeling speculations on the geometry of geography global spatial analysis, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Technical Report 93–1, Santa Barbara (dostęp: 21.03.2013).
Trzciński M., 2001 Miecz katowski, pręgierz, szubienica. Zabytki jurysdykcji karnej na Dolnym Śląsku (XIII–XVIII w.), Wrocław.
Wiszewski P., 2013 Region-integrating or region-disintegrating? The social groups of medieval Silesia, [w:] Cuius regio? Ideological and territorial cohesion of the historical region of Silesia (c. 1000–2000), t. 1, red. L. Harc, P. Wiszewski, R. Żerelik, Wrocław, s. 141–143.
Wojtucki D, 2009 Publiczne miejsca straceń na Dolnym Śląsku od XV do połowy XIX wieku, Katowice.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 1019
Number of citations: 0