Castrum Raczans – some remarks on foreign influences in 13th century Pomerania

Abstract

Site 1 in Raciąż was the subject of archaeological exploration in 1969–1985 and 1990–1992, carried out by Pomeranian Archaeological Expedition of Łódź University. The youngest object’s phase was interpreted at that time as wooden-earthen stronghold, the castellan seat, confirmed in a number of written sources from 13^th century. Material culture of the stronghold inhabitants was defined as traditional for early mediaeval Pomerania, with slight influences of Western Europe. Unfortunately, wide-ranging research has not been completed. Secondary material analysis performed recently revealed diversity of material culture and its reaches. A variety of clasps and belt fittings were distinguished, so called lengthened belts, typical for development of High Middle Ages, rings and buoodnes with numerous analogies in West European material. The inventory of grave no 59 from the nearby cemetery is an interesting example of mutual penetration of home, local and foreign influences, where apart from temple rings – typical for Western Slavs, finger rings and bead necklaces, there was also a complete set of a belt. Foreign influences are also readable in the assortment of vessels in use. Except for the examples made in traditional methods of Western Slavs, there are also not known earlier, pitchers, vessels with pipe-like outlets (including imported Lower Silesian dishes), glazed ones, brought from East English or South Scandinavian regions and so called colonization ceramics (vessels fired in reductive technique). Many metal dishes were registered, as well (grapens – threepod vessels, and bronze bowls, which were repaired or recycled on the spot).

Spatial composition and the object’s function resemble so called castles of transitive type or colonization castles – fortresses erected around vast terrains of Central Europe in order to control and protect colonization processes. Erecting the object in Raciąż and establishing in it the castellan zone can be synchronized with intense settling processes and land donations confirmed in the area of Krajeńskie Lakeland and Tucholskie Forests.

The object in Raciąż seems, therefore less traditional than it was supposed before. Its dwellers followed all new trends reaching Pomerania by costal urban centers (Gdańsk), while the stronghold itself was adjusted to their needs and referred to central European standards.