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Acta Poloniae Historica

The Expulsions from the ‘Congress’ Kingdom of Poland and Galicia as Seen from Personal Accounts (1914–18)
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  • The Expulsions from the ‘Congress’ Kingdom of Poland and Galicia as Seen from Personal Accounts (1914–18)
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  3. Vol. 113 (2016) /
  4. OCCUPATION EXPERIENCES, 1914–18

The Expulsions from the ‘Congress’ Kingdom of Poland and Galicia as Seen from Personal Accounts (1914–18)

Authors

  • Katarzyna Sierakowska Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/APH.2016.113.03

Keywords

First World War, exile, refugees

Abstract

The article discusses the refugees’ life during the Great War, focusing on the living conditions on their route to and in exile. The aim here is to grasp the experience that the refugees underwent when they were still uncertain of their future, and when they were venturing into the unknown without being aware of where their journey would take them. The source material concerns refugees who fled from the ‘Congress’ Kingdom of Poland and Galicia to central Russia and western part of the Austro-Hungarian empire. It involves personal documents, especially those created during this exile experience, and the accounts included in the press, notably in Ognisko Polskie. The evidence presented in the article shows that the exile was among the most traumatic war events. It also demonstrates that the flight and exile affected various groups in different ways. Children and elderly persons were most vulnerable and most likely to suffer damage to their health or even to lose their lives. It was particularly difficult for them to endure adverse weather conditions and malnutrition. They were also more prone to contagious diseases, especially typhus and cholera. The stay in the barracks camps established in the Austro-Hungarian Empire was another difficult experience. Especially initially the camps were not fi t for housing so great a number of people of different age and gender. Finally, the analysis of personal documents shows the use of different survival strategies in the exile. The refugees showed much determination in finding employment or seeking compensation and various benefits; and there was a significant social mobilization to organize assistance to the refugees.

Author Biography

Katarzyna Sierakowska, Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences

Katarzyna Sierakowska – 19th and 20th century history; assistant professor at the Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences

References

Gatrell Peter, A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War I (Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1999).

Handelsman Marceli (ed.), Polska w czasie wielkiej wojny (1914–1918). Historia społeczna i ekonomiczna, ii: Historia społeczna (Warszawa, 1936).

Korzeniowski Mariusz, Na wygnańczym szlaku … Działalność CKO KP na Białorusi w latach 1915–1918 (Lublin, 2001).

Korzeniowski Mariusz, Mądzik Marek, and Tarasiuk Dariusz, Tułaczy los. Uchodźcy polscy w imperium rosyjskim w latach I wojny światowej (Lublin, 2007).

Lasocki Zygmunt, Polacy w austriackich obozach barakowych dla uchodźców i internowanych.

(Wspomnienia z czasów wojny światowej byłego posła do parlamentu austriackiego) (Kraków, 1929).

Sierakowska Katarzyna, Śmierć, wygnanie, głód w dokumentach osobistych. Ziemie polskie w latach Wielkiej Wojny 1914–1918 (Warszawa, 2015).

Spustek Irena, Polacy w Piotrogrodzie 1914–1917 (Warszawa, 1966).

Acta Poloniae Historica

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Published

2016-07-01

How to Cite

1.
SIERAKOWSKA, Katarzyna. The Expulsions from the ‘Congress’ Kingdom of Poland and Galicia as Seen from Personal Accounts (1914–18). Acta Poloniae Historica. Online. 1 July 2016. Vol. 113, pp. 65-87. [Accessed 7 July 2025]. DOI 10.12775/APH.2016.113.03.
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Issue

Vol. 113 (2016)

Section

OCCUPATION EXPERIENCES, 1914–18

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