Insights on the impact of COVID-19 and the lockdown on amateur golfers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2021.001Keywords
Corona, golf management, outdoor sport, nature, healthAbstract
The aim of the research paper is to evaluate how golfers feel about the lockdown, what they did with regard to golf during the lockdown and to what extent they understand the closure of golf courses. A standardized online questionnaire was designed for the primary empirical investigation. In total, 139 respondents completely filled out the questionnaires and were considered in our analyses. The results show that the officially ordered lockdown did not have a large impact on golfers but had at least a medium-to-increased negative influence on their favourite sport of golf. The closure of the golf courses during the lockdown led to a moderate level of approval. The length of the closure tends to be viewed negatively. Despite the problems that golf can expect in the short term, golf as a health- and well-being-promoting sport and a sport that offers natural experiences could benefit from COVID-19 in the medium to long term.
References
Ainsworth, B., Haskell, W., Herrmann, S., Meckes, N., Bassett, D., Tudor-Locke, C., Greer, J., Vezina, J., Whitt-Glover, M., & Leon, A. (2011). 2011 compendium of physical activities: A second update of codes and MET values. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(8), 1575–1581.
https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31821ece12
Barton, J., Bragg, R., Wood, C., & Pretty, J. (2016). Green exercise: Linking nature, health and wellbeing. London: Routledge.
Billion, F. (2019). Golfmarkt Deutschland 2019: Ausgewählte Daten und Fakten. Sommerfeld: Edewecht.
Billion, F. (2020a). Der Marktwert von Golfplatzgrundstücken – Kauf bzw. Pacht. Zeitschrift für Immobilienwirtschaft, Bodenpolitik und Wertermittlung, 13-18.
Billion, F. (2020b). Corona und der deutsche Golfmarkt. Präsentation für den Regionalkreises Südwest des GMVD.
BLSV (2020). Schäden von mehr als 200 Millionen Euro. Retrieved from: https://www.blsv.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/Pressemitteilung/270320_PM_BLSV_Zwischenbilanz_Meldesystem.pdf.
Bo Andersen, L., Schnohr, P., Schroll, M., and Ole Hein, H. (2000). Allcause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work. Archives of International Medicine, 160, 1621–1628. doi: 10.1001/archinte.160.11.1621
Briassoulis, B. (2010). “Sorry golfers, this is not your spot!”: Exploring public opposition to golf development. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 34, 288–311. doi:10.1177/0193723510377314
Broman, G., Johnsson, L., & Kaijser, L. (2004). Golf: A high intensity interval activity for elderly men. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 16(5), 375–381.
Clarkson, B., Culvin, A., Pope, S., & Parry, K. (2020), Covid-19: Reflections on threat and uncertainty for the future of elite women’s football in England. Managing Sport and Leisure, DOI: 10.1080/23750472.2020.1766377
Colding, J., & Folke, C. (2008). The role of golf courses in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management. Ecosystems, 12, 191–206. doi:10.1007/s10021-008-9217-1
Dawes, J. G. (2008). Do Data Characteristics Change according to the Number of Scale Points Used? An Experiment Using 5 Point, 7 Point and 10 Point Scales. International Journal of Market Research, 51(1), 61-77.
Doherty, A., Millar, P., & Misener, K. (2020): Return to community sport: leaning on evidence in turbulent times. Managing Sport and Leisure, DOI: 10.1080/23750472.2020.1794940
Duarte Muñoz, M., & Meyer, T. (2020). Infectious diseases and football – lessons not only from COVID-19. Science and Medicine in Football, 4(2), 85–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2020.1749422
Ebrahim, S., Ahmed, Q., Gozzer, E., Schlagenhauf, P., & Memish, Z. (2020). Covid-19 and community mitigation strategies in a pandemic. BMJ, 368, m1066. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1066
Ellingson, L., Meyer, J., Shook, R., Dixon, P., Hand, G., Wirth, M., et al. (2018). Changes in sedentary time are associated with changes in mental wellbeing over 1 year in young adults. Preventive Medicine Reports, 11, 274–281. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.07.013
Fischer, R., & Kaiser-Jovy, S. (2018). Golf in Europe. In T. Breitbarth, S. Kaiser-Jovy, & G. Dickson (Eds.), Golf Business and Management: A Global Introduction (pp. 212-222), New York: Routledge.
Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey Research Methods. SAGE: Boston.
Grov, E., & Dahl, A. (2019). Golf as Therapy for Individuals With Mental Health or Substance Use Disorders. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20190528-02
Hartmann, D. (1988). Ökologie und Golfsport. In U. Hanke & S. Woermann (Eds.), Golf & Sportwissenschaft – ein Annäherungsversuch (pp.144-152). Heidelberg.
Huth, C. (2017a). Evaluation of the Golf&Natur Environmental Certificate from an Ecological-Economic Perspective. International Journal of Golf Science, 6, 142-158.
Huth, C. (2017b). Umweltzertifikate im Sport: Gruppenspezifische Analyse der Relevanz und Zahlungsbereitschaft im Golfsport. Sciamus – Sport und Management, 3, 1-13.
Huth, C. (2019). Repositioning Golf as a Health Sport – an Empirical Stakeholder Analysis from the Supplier’s Point of View. International Journal of Golf Science, 7.
Huth, C. & Billion, F. (2020). Forschungsreport – COVID-19 Lockdown: Auswirkungen und Aktionen deutscher Golfanlagen. SCIAMUS – Sport und Management, 1, 46-51.
Huth, C. & Breitbarth, T. (2020). Golf’s current image and its future role as a health sport from (non-)golfers’ perspectives. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, DOI: 10.1007/s12662-020-00653-y
Huth, C. & Kurscheidt, M. (2019). Membership versus green fee pricing for golf courses: the impact of market and golf club determinants. European Sport Management Quarterly, 19, 331-352, DOI: 10.1080/16184742.2018.1527380
Li, M., Pitts, B., & Quarterman, J. (2008). Research Methods in Sport Management. Morgantown: FIT.
Lippi, G., Henry, B., Bovo, C., & Sanchis-Gomar, F. (2020a). Health risks and potential remedies during prolonged lockdowns for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Diagnosis, 7, 85–90. doi: 10.1515/dx-2020-0041
Lippi, G., Henry, B., & Sanchis-Gomar, F. (2020b). Physical inactivity and cardiovascular disease at the time of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 27, 906–908. doi: 10.1177/2047487320916823
López-Carril, S., & Anagnostopoulos, C. (2020). COVID-19 and Soccer Teams on Instagram: The Case of Corporate Social Responsibility. International Journal of Sport Communication, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2020-0230
Nguyen, S. (2018a). Sustainability and environmental impact of golf. In T. Breitbarth, S. Kaiser-Jovy, & G. Dickson (Eds.), Golf Business and Management: A Global Introduction (pp. 68-81), New York: Routledge.
Memish, Z. A., Steffen, R., White, P., Dar, O., Azhar, E. I., Sharma, A., & Zumla, A. (2019). Mass gatherings medicine: Public health issues arising from mass gathering religious and sporting events. The Lancet, 393(10185), 2073–2084.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30501-X
Murray, A., Archibald, D., Murray, I., et al. (2018) International consensus statement on golf and health to guide action by people, policymakers and the golf industry. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52, 1426–361.
Murray, A., Daines, L., Archibald, D., et al. (2017). The relationships between golf and health: a scoping review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51, 12-19.
Murray, A., Junge, A., Robinson, P., et al. (2020). International consensus statement: methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injuries and illnesses in golf. British Journal of Sports Medicine. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports- 2020-102380
O’Donovan, G., Blazevich, A. J., Boreham, C., Cooper, A. R., Crank, H., Ekelund, U., et al. (2010). The ABC of physical activity for health: a consensus statement from the british association of sport and exercise sciences. Journal of Sports Science, 28, 573–591. doi: 10.1080/02640411003671212
Pandey, A., Atkins, K., Medlock, J., Wenzel, N., Townsend, J., Childs, J., Nyenswah, T., Ndeffo-Mbah, M., & Galvani, A. (2014). Strategies for containing Ebola in West Africa. Science, 346(6212), 991–995. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260612
Parkkari, J., Kannus, P., Natri, A., et al. (2004). Active living and injury risk. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 25, 209-216.
Parkkari, J., Natri, A., Kannus, P., et al. (2000). A controlled trial of the health benefits of regular walking on a golf course. The American Journal of Medicine, 109, 102-108.
Parnell, D., Bond, A., Widdop, P., & Cockayne, D. (2020), Football Worlds: business and networks during COVID-19. Soccer & Society, DOI:10.1080/14660970.2020.1782719
Parnell, D., Widdop, P., Bond, A., & Wilson, R. (2020). COVID-19, networks and sport. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1750100
Revilla, M., Saris, W., & Krosnick, J. (2014). Choosing the number of categories in agree–disagree scales. Sociological Methods & Research, 43(1), 73-97.
Ricci, F., Izzicupo, P., Moscucci, F., Sciomer, S., Maffei, S., Di Baldassarre, A., et al. (2020). Recommendations for physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour during the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00199
Rosenberg, D. (2018). Ethical foundations for sustainability in sport. In B. McCullough & T. Kellison (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Sport and the Environment (pp. 54–64). London & New York: Routledge.
Sanderson, A., & Shaikh, S. (2018). Economics, sports, and the environment: Incentives and intersections. In B. McCullough & T. Kellison (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Sport and the Environment (pp. 36–52). London & New York: Routledge.
Saxena, S., Van Ommeren, M., Tang, K., & Armstrong, T. (2005). Mental health benefits of physical activity. Journal of Mental Health, 14, 445–451. doi: 10.1080/09638230500270776
Schemel, H.-J., & Erbguth, W. (2000). Handbuch Sport und Umwelt. Ziele, Analysen, Bewertungen, Lösungsansätze, Rechtsfragen (Edition Sport & Umwelt) (3. Aufl.). Aachen: Meyer & Meyer.
Sorbie, G., Richardson, A. K., Glen, J., Hardie, S., Taliep, S., Wade, M., Broughton, L., Mann, S., Steele, J., & Lavallee, D. (2020). The association of golf participation with health and wellbeing: A comparative study. International Journal of Golf Science.
Stadder, E., & Dixon, J. (2018). Golf in North America. . In T. Breitbarth, S. Kaiser-Jovy, & G. Dickson (Eds.), Golf Business and Management: A Global Introduction (pp. 187-199), New York: Routledge.
Stauch, M., Liu, Y., Giesler, M., & Lehmann, M. (1999). Physical activity level during a round of golf on a hilly course. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 39(4), 321–327.
Stenner, B., Mosewich, A., & Buckley, J. (2016). An exploratory investigation into the reasons why older people play golf. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 8(3), 257-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676x.2016.1148773
Strashin, J. (2020). Canada’s youth sports machine has ground to complete halt. CBC News. Retrieved form: https://www.cbc.ca/sports/coronaviruspandemic-ground-canada-youth-sports-complete-halt-1.5517784
Tanner, R., & Gange, A. (2005). Effects of golf courses on local biodiversity. Landscape and Urban Planning, 71, 137–146.
Toresdahl, B., & Asif, I. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Considerations for the Competitive Athlete. Sports Health, 12(3), 221-224.
Tovar, J. (2020). Soccer, World War II and coronavirus: A comparative analysis of how the sport shut down. Soccer & Society, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2020.1755270
Weed, M. (2020): The role of the interface of sport and tourism in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Sport & Tourism, DOI:10.1080/14775085.2020.1794351
Wood, L., & Danylchuk, K. (2011). Playing Our Way: Contributions of Social Groups to Women’s Continued Participation in Golf. Leisure Sciences, 33(5), 366–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2011.606778
Wright, K. (2005). Researching internet-based populations: Advantages and disadvantages of online survey research, online questionnaire authoring software packages, and web survey services. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(3), article 11.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 1193
Number of citations: 0
