Visual Article Details Quality in Sport eISSN 2450-3118 is a Humanistic Journal with an international reach, published in line with top standards applicable in scientific journals. Each issue contains original and review papers, and case reports of different specialties associated with Multidisciplinary Education Sections: Physical Culture Sciences; Health Sciences; Medical Sciences; Pedagogy; Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management; Earth and Environmental Sciences; Cultural and Religious Sciences; Proceeding; Book of Abstracts, is a double anonymized scientific published by the University Center for Sports Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland. Manuscripts Preparation. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2025; eISSN2391-8306. In order to facilitate publication, the authors are kindly requested to submit texts written according to the rules presented below. Template How to prepare an Article for the Quality in Sport.docx How to prepare an Article for the Quality in Sport.pdf Creating an Account. Submitting an Article. Quality in Sport is: a Humanistic Journal with a Global International Reach. Our mission is to offer the worldwide scientific community a broad, fast and direct access to publish the latest results of the research areas that are developing rapidly and where there are changes with a high potential impact. All Articles submitted for publication will be peer-reviewed within 2-30 weeks. All accepted articles will be published online before appearing in the print journal within 2-30 weeks from acceptance. The journal has had 20 points in Ministry of Higher Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Higher Education and Science of 05.01.2024. No. 32553. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201398. Scientific disciplines assigned: Economics and finance (Field of social sciences); Management and Quality Sciences (Field of social sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 20 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Szkolnictwa Wyższego i Nauki z dnia 05.01.2024 r. Lp. 32553. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201398. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Ekonomia i finanse (Dziedzina nauk społecznych); Nauki o zarządzaniu i jakości (Dziedzina nauk społecznych). The aim of the journal is to establish the platform for scientific discussion and to disseminate the research findings on sport, tourism management and event management, sport in various aspects, including social, humanistic, health and medical aspects. The scope of the papers published in the Quality in Sport covers the issues of: sport in various aspects, including social, humanistic, health and medical aspects; implementation of scientific research results into the practice of sports life, recreational, social, medical, health, managerial, media and economic; cooperation with the sports, recreational, cultural and social environment, media, managerial, medical, health and economic; supporting in organizing conferences, congresses and scientific symposia; management in sports and tourism organization; quality of sports event; satisfaction of participants of sports events and fans; management of sports facilities. 759 Citations from Scopus for Quality in Sport. 136 Secondary documents Citations from Scopus for Quality in Sport. + 70 Citations from Scopus for Qual Sport. 42 Secondary documents Citations from Scopus for Qual Sport. 136+42=178 Secondary documents Citations from Scopus for Quality in Sport. Frequency: First Semi-annually, Quarterly, Current is Monthly. Open access model. Quality in Sport only prints the papers which have not been published earlier. The journal is published in an on-line version. The on-line version is a reference one. Acceptance Rate 35% Rejection Rate 65% Quality in Sport EISSN 2450-3118 The manuscripts must be submitted via the online article system, represented on the journal website. The journal offers access to the contents in the open access system on the principles of non-exclusive license Creative Commons (CC BY-ND 3.0).
University Center for Sports Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
Groin Pain: One Complaint, Numerous Potential Origins - Review of Literature
Introduction Groin pain is a prevalent and often persistent musculoskeletal issue among athletes, particularly in disciplines requiring rapid changes of direction, kicking, and high-intensity movements. Its multifactorial origin and overlapping symptomatology pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for clinicians and therapists. Proper classification, accurate assessment, and individualized management are crucial for the best outcomes and minimizing time away from sport. Aim of the Study This literature review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of groin pain in athletes, based on the latest evidence and clinical guidelines. The study also highlights the role of functional assessment and neuromuscular control in both rehabilitation and injury prevention. Materials and Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) to identify relevant studies, clinical guidelines, and systematic reviews published in recent years. This paper focuses on articles addressing the Doha agreement classification system, diagnostic modalities, rehabilitation strategies, and preventive programs targeting modifiable risk factors in athletic populations. Conclusion Groin pain management requires a multidisciplinary and individualized approach. The implementation of evidence-based classification systems and preventive strategies such as adductor strengthening, core stabilization, and proper load management can significantly reduce the incidence and recurrence of groin injuries. Future research should validate functional tests and refine preventive protocols to ensure greater efficacy and applicability in sport-specific contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jakub Miasnikiewicz, Klaudia Goleniewska, Kamil Ciechomski, Wiktoria Cecuła, Joanna Rypel-Bośka, Natalia Siuta, Aleksandra Stupecka, Marcin Migiel, Izabela Brynczka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems: Applications and Integrated Benefits - review study
Introduction: Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) systems have evolved significantly, transforming the management of diabetes and expanding into various other fields. Originally developed to aid in diabetes management, CGM systems now offer real-time glucose tracking, providing insights into glycemic control, preventing hypoglycemia, and optimizing therapeutic decisions. These systems are used in type 1 and type 2 diabetes management, pregnancy, sports, and critical care. Despite their benefits, challenges such as cost and integration into routine care remain. Future research will be crucial to fully understand the long-term impact and cost-effectiveness of CGM systems. Aim of the study: This study aims to present the diverse applications and integrated benefits of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) systems. It focuses on their role in improving diabetes management, enhancing pregnancy outcomes, supporting athletic performance, and optimizing care in critical conditions. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed as the primary database. The search terms included: "continuous glucose monitoring", “CGM”, “diabetes mellitus", “diabetes mellitus type 1”, “diabetes mellitus type 2”. Conclusion: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems have significantly advanced diabetes care, offering precise, real-time glycemic data that support individualized treatment. This review highlights CGM’s broadening applications across diverse populations, including non-diabetic individuals, pregnant women, athletes, and critically ill patients. While strong evidence supports CGM’s clinical and behavioral benefits, further research is required to optimize cost-effectiveness, long-term outcomes, and broader implementation strategies. CGM represents a transformative tool in both chronic disease management and personalized health monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2025 Klaudia Goleniewska, Jakub Miasnikiewicz, Kamil Ciechomski, Wiktoria Cecuła, Joanna Rypel-Bośka, Natalia Siuta, Aleksandra Stupecka, Marcin Migiel, Izabela Brynczka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Multiple Myeloma: Impact on the Skeletal System - a Review of the Literature
Background. Multiple myeloma is a cancerous disease of the hematopoietic system marked by the uncontrolled proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells within the bone marrow. Bone disease is a characteristic feature and a diagnostic criterion of multiple myeloma. Aim. This paper aims to discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying bone damage in multiple myeloma and to present current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches designed to improve clinical outcomes in patients affected by myeloma bone disease. Material and methods. A review of the scientific literature from the past eight years was conducted using topic-specific keywords, primarily through databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Results. Bone mass loss is a complex process that involves elevated osteoclast activity, impaired osteoblast function, and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in a disruption of the balance between bone resorption and formation. As a consequence, patients may develop chronic bone pain, pathological fractures, and postural changes. Therapeutic strategies that aim to slow the course of the disease and inhibit osteoclast activity are essential for minimizing the risk of skeletal-related complications and markedly enhancing patients' quality of life. Conclusion. Multiple myeloma is a malignancy that frequently leads to bone damage. This review discusses the underlying mechanisms, diagnostic methods, and current treatments aimed at preventing skeletal complications and improving patient outcomes
Copyright (c) 2025 Aleksandra Stupecka, Kamil Ciechomski, Wiktoria Cecuła, Joanna Rypel-Bośka, Natalia Siuta , Marcin Migiel, Izabela Brynczka, Klaudia Goleniewska, Jakub Miaśnikiewicz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Impact of anterior cruciate ligament rupture on athletes return to sport - A Literature review
Introduction Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is one of the most common and most burdensome injuries in sport, particularly in disciplines requiring rapid changes of direction, braking, and jumping. Despite advances in surgery and rehabilitation, return to sport (RTS) remains a complex process ~80% of athletes resume activity, yet only ~50-65% regain their preinjury level of competition. Additional challenges include a high risk of reinjury and long-term sequelae, including early degenerative changes in the knee. Psychological factors also play a key role, especially fear of reinjury and decreased trust in the operated limb. Materials and Methods This narrative review was based on original studies, meta-analyses and systematic reviews, as well as cohort, clinical, and qualitative studies concerning: the epidemiology and consequences of ACL injury outcomes of surgical and nonoperative treatment RTS rates and reinjury risk functional/psychological criteria for return to sports (RTS) decisions rehabilitation protocols and secondary prevention, and prognostic factors (age, sex, discipline, concomitant injuries) Selection of publications was guided by high clinical usefulness and direct relevance to return to sport. Summary The findings indicate that ACL reconstruction does not guarantee better RTS rates than modern nonoperative rehabilitation; the differences are clinically small. Decisions about return should not be based solely on time but on objective criteria: symmetry of strength and hop-test results, stable dynamic control, and psychological readiness. A criterion-based rehabilitation program lasting at least 9 months reduces the risk of re-injury, and neuromuscular programs reduce secondary risk by ~40-50%. The high risk of reinjury among young athletes and frequent long-term degenerative changes underscore the need for a holistic approach combining sports medicine, physiotherapy, psychological support, and long-term prevention.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rafał Rusiłowicz, Michał Józef Peszt, Mikołaj Szaryński, Paulina Jakubowska, Kamila Prokopczyk, Antoni Wasilczuk, Kacper Poręba, Martyna Poręba, Julia Matuszewska, Aleksandra Lewandowska-Mackiewicz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Comprehensive prosthetic treatment of a patient after removal of an impacted fragment of an orthodontic wire in the area of tooth 13 – review & case report
Impacted maxillary canines occur in approximately 1–4% of the population and are a significant clinical challenge due to their aesthetic and functional importance. Impacted canines are more common in women and significantly more common in the maxilla, as confirmed by epidemiological data. The causes of tooth 13 impaction can be complex and include lack of space in the arch, abnormal position of the tooth bud, retention of the deciduous tooth, and genetic factors. Modern prosthetics increasingly requires interdisciplinary cooperation, and orthodontic appliances left in the bone can be a source of potential inflammatory and mechanical complications. Their removal is a key step before performing the final prosthetic reconstruction. In the presented case, it was necessary to surgically decompress and remove the retained fragment of orthodontic wire, followed by prosthetic restoration using a temporary bridge to shape the tissues and a final metal-porcelain restoration covering teeth 15–21.
Copyright (c) 2025 Natalia Tarczyńska, Szymon Górski, Joanna Okupniarek, Michalina Bartosik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The impact of sleep duration and quality on the health of the pediatric population: consequences for mental health, eating disorders, and other diseases
Background Sleep is a fundamental biological process, the duration and quality of which are of key importance for the proper development and health of the pediatric population. Understanding the complex relationship between sleep and the pathogenesis of diseases during childhood is essential for developing effective preventive and interventional strategies aimed at supporting the holistic health of the youngest patients. Aim This review aims to provide an analysis of available scientific evidence regarding the impact of insufficient sleep duration and poor sleep quality on a wide range of health indicators in children and adolescents. Special emphasis is placed on the consequences for mental health and eating disorders. Materials and methods This review synthesizes current evidence by examining literature available on PubMed, Google Scholar, and academic sources using keywords related to the sleep duration, sleep quality, pediatric population, mental health and eating disorders. Experimental, cohort, systematic reviews and clinical studies were evaluated. Results We highlight sex- and age-dependent vulnerabilities and discuss the multifactorial interplay between sleep behavior, lifestyle factors, and disease risk.Specifically, interventions aimed at improving sleep hygiene, reducing screen exposure before bedtime, and addressing sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea show promise in mitigating risks associated with obesity, hypertension, emotional disorders, and chronic inflammation. Conclusion Sleep duration and sleep quality contributes to pediatric obesity, insulin resistance, cardiometabolic risk, mental health, inflammatory processes and headache disorders. Limitations in current research, including methodological heterogeneity and reliance on subjective sleep measures, underscore the need for prospective studies. We recommend future research focus on mechanistic pathways linking sleep disturbances to specific health outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jakub Bartkowski, Julia Żerdka, Patryk Brasse, Jan Banach, Hubert Dacyl, Aleksandra Owczarska, Mateusz Piszka, Eliza Kwapień, Marceli Mesyasz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Old Drugs, New Roles: Non-Cardiac Uses of Beta-Blockers – An Updated Systematic Review
Background: β-adrenergic blockers have long been used in cardiovascular medicine, yet growing evidence shows therapeutic potential beyond cardiac disease. Their pleiotropic effects—ranging from modulation of sympathetic signaling to anti-angiogenic and immunomodulatory actions—have increased interest in non-cardiac applications and drug repurposing. Aim: To review non-cardiac roles of β-blockers, summarize recent findings (2020–2025), compare mechanisms across indications, and highlight emerging oncologic and immunomodulatory uses. Material and Methods: This narrative review was based on PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus searches (2020–2025) using terms including “beta-blockers”, “propranolol”, “timolol”, “repurposing”, “glaucoma”, “hemangioma” and “oncology”. Randomized trials, cohort studies, translational basic research and meta-analyses were included; studies without relevance to non-cardiac mechanisms or lacking extractable data were excluded. Results: Non-selective β-blockers remain essential in portal hypertension, reducing portal pressure and preventing bleeding. In infantile hemangioma, oral propranolol is more effective than topical timolol, with early initiation predicting better outcomes. Propranolol, timolol and metoprolol are effective in migraine prophylaxis, while propranolol remains first-line therapy for essential tremor. Timolol is a cornerstone glaucoma treatment, lowering intraocular pressure and delaying progression from ocular hypertension. In oncology, propranolol shows preclinical activity against proliferation, angiogenesis and immunosuppression, though clinical evidence is inconsistent. Conclusions: β-blockers represent a versatile drug class with established non-cardiac indications and promising emerging applications, especially in oncology. Their safety and broad mechanistic profile support further repurposing, but high-quality prospective trials remain necessary.
Copyright (c) 2025 Izabela Brynczka, Michał Jezierski, Ewelina Nowicka, Klaudia Martyna Patrzykąt, Zofia Gorzoch-Burduk, Julia Puzio, Paula Marcinkowska, Marta Krzyżaniak, Kinga Popielarska, Kamila Wróblewska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The impact of diet and physical activity on reducing inflammation in endometriosis
Introduction: Endometriosis is a chronic condition where tissue similar to the endometrium grows outside the uterine cavity, leading to pain, inflammation, and fertility issues. Its manifestations can affect various systems and organs. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the impact of diet and physical activity on alleviating pain associated with endometriosis. Purpose of the work: The aim of this paper is to review the latest knowledge regarding endometriosis and its systemic manifestations in the body. Endometriosis can contribute to changes in the microbiome, affect metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue, and may significantly impact women's mental health. Materials and methods: We conducted a literature review from 1993 to 2024 available in the PubMed database using the keywords: "endometriosis", "inflammatory disease", "microbiome", "diet", "physical activity " Results: The discussed studies indicate a clear correlation between endometriosis and the development of systemic inflammation, changes in the microbiome, and an increased risk of depression. Moreover, studies indicate that physical activity and the consumption of certain foods can influence the level of inflammation in the body, which in turn may reduce pain symptoms. A thorough examination of this issue will lead to a better understanding of the nature of endometriosis and enable the discovery of new treatment strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Karolina Niekurzak, Blanka Flis, Maciej Jędrak, Maciej Józefiak, Piotr Sobkiewicz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Impact of Ultramarathon Running on Acute Kidney Injury Risk - a Review od Current Evidence
Introduction and purpose Ultramarathon running has gained popularity in recent years, yet it presents unique physiological challenges. One of the increasingly recognized complications is acute kidney injury (AKI), which may result from extreme exertion. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on AKI risk in ultrarunners and identify key contributing factors. Material and method A narrative review of literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases. Keywords included: "ultramarathon", "acute kidney injury", "rhabdomyolysis", "NSAIDs", and "hydration". Peer-reviewed articles from 2000 to 2024 were included. Studies were selected based on their relevance to AKI mechanisms and prevalence in endurance athletes. Data were synthesized qualitatively. Results AKI in ultramarathon runners is multifactorial. Key contributors include dehydration, exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH), exertional rhabdomyolysis, NSAID use, and gastrointestinal disorders impairing hydration and nutrition. While transient renal dysfunction is relatively common, severe AKI requiring intervention is rare. Biomarkers such as cystatin C and NGAL may provide more accurate diagnosis than creatinine alone. NSAIDs and EAH increase the risk of coexisting rhabdomyolysis, complicating clinical management. Conclusions Although the long-term health benefits of ultrarunning may outweigh the risks, AKI remains a clinically relevant concern. Medical supervision, adequate hydration strategies, and education on NSAID use are essential to reduce kidney-related complications in ultra-endurance athletes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Agnieszka Kluz , Katarzyna Żak, Hubert Jucha, Michał Mazur, Aleksandra Pliszka, Katarzyna Michalak, Krystian Zukierski, Katarzyna Madyniak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Cinnamon as a Natural Modulator of Metabolic Health: A Review of Contemporary Research
Introduction and purpose of the work: The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of cinnamon supplementation on glucose regulation, metabolic indicators, and anthropometric parameters in individuals with metabolic syndrome, including type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods: An extensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed database. The review primarily included randomized controlled trials and pilot studies, focusing on the impact of cinnamon supplementation on cardiometabolic and glycemic markers. Summary: The collected clinical evidence indicates a significant positive effect of cinnamon on key glycemic indicators. Cinnamon supplementation led to a statistically significant reduction in glycated hemoglobin and fasting blood glucose, with the largest FBS decrease observed in individuals with DM2. Studies using CGM showed lower 24-hour glucose concentrations. Furthermore, an aqueous cinnamon extract significantly improved markers of oxidative stress in plasma and demonstrated strong antioxidant activity. Regarding metabolic indicators, a decrease in the concentration of LDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides, and an increase in HDL were observed after the intervention. In studies involving complex supplementation (containing cinnamon), a significant reduction in body weight, BMI, and waist circumference was observed, although anthropometric changes in monotherapy studies with cinnamon were often statistically insignificant. The most frequently reported adverse event was mild gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusions: The evidence suggests that cinnamon supplementation has a positive impact on metabolic health, particularly on glycemic control and lipid profile. However, it is important to emphasize the limitations of individual studies, including their short duration and the fact that they were often conducted on a small number of individuals in a specific population, which may affect the consistency of the results obtained.
Copyright (c) 2025 Natalia Popczyk, Sylwia Bryksy, Jakub Kaźmierczyk, Michał Popczyk, Martyna Świątecka, Aleksandra Marciszewska, Ewa Buczkowska, Hanna Tymchenko, Jakub Jopek, Agnieszka Piechowicz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Microscopic Colitis: A Key Differential Diagnosis in Chronic Watery Diarrhea
INTRODUCTION Microscopic colitis (MC) is an often-overlooked inflammatory disorder of the colon. It presents with persistent, non-bloody, watery diarrhea. The characteristic of the condition is a lack of visible endoscopic abnormalities. It includes two main histological forms: collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis. While it mostly affects older individuals, MC is often missed in clinical practice, resulting in prolonged symptoms and excessive diagnostic procedures. AIM OF THE STUDY This review aims to present current knowledge of microscopic colitis. We summarize its key symptoms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and available therapies. The goal of this study is to understand this disease better and demonstrate why early detection and accurate diagnosis are important. MATERIALS AND METHODS A structured literature search was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies on MC. We focused on diagnostic methods and therapy possibilities. The search included relevant keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Supplementary articles were included through manual review of the reference lists from key publications. CONCLUSION Microscopic colitis can be treated. Unfortunately, it is often underdiagnosed as a cause of chronic diarrhea in adults. Once you identify it quickly and confirm the disorder with histological samples, you can initiate effective treatment, usually with budesonide. Early recognition can minimize unnecessary, often expensive, testing and patient suffering. Ongoing follow-up may be necessary in cases with frequent relapse.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adrianna Klimczak, Barbara Pietrzak, Mikołaj Patelski, Maciej Czapla, Mateusz Surma, Jakub Molenda, Matylda Kuczma, Wiktoria Kotlarz, Wiktoria Mikusek, Marta Kamińska, Krzysztof Dobrzeniecki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Body Dysmorphic Disorder Among Aesthetic Medicine Patients – A Literature Review
Introduction: Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a psychiatric disorder characterised by an excessive focus on perceived flaws in one's appearance. It leads to a strong psychological distress, social withdrawal, and unnecessary aesthetic procedures. The rise of aesthetic medicine in the 21st century has made BDD an important clinical and ethical issue for practitioners. Aim of the study: This study aims to present the prevalence of BDD, its characteristics, diagnostic difficulties, and treatment. We also discuss ethical challenges associated with aesthetic medicine procedures and clinical management recommendations for aesthetic medicine practitioners. Materials and methods: A search of the literature review was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and other databases. We focused primarily on studies published between 2017 and 2025. The following keywords and their combinations were used: “Body Dysmorphic Disorder”, “Aesthetic Medicine”, “Cosmetic Procedures”, “Psychiatry”, “Screening”, “Ethics”. Brief description of state of knowledge: BDD is more common in aesthetic medicine patients than in the general population and is influenced by social media and culture. Patients with BDD present alterations in the function and structure of the central nervous system. There are a few screening tools easy to use in the everyday practice of an aesthetician. Treatment includes pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Summary: BDD poses many clinical and ethical challenges. Cosmetic interventions alone rarely address underlying psychological distress long-term. Both cognitive-behavioural therapy and pharmacotherapy are useful tools in the treatment of BDD. Integrating screening and patient-centred approaches has the potential to improve safety, satisfaction, and long-term well-being in patients with this disorder.
Copyright (c) 2025 Julia Surowaniec, Dawid Nowicki, Małgorzata Muszyńska, Katarzyna Karaś, Sylwia Mroszczyk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Hippotherapy as a Complementary Intervention for Multiple Sclerosis: A Review
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis is complex and incompletely understood. The major factors that lead to the disease seem to be inflammation and neurodegeneration. Multiple sclerosis is diagnosed by meeting diagnostic criteria. They are based on demonstrating the involvement of 2 or more areas of the CNS at different time points. There remains no cure for multiple sclerosis. Treatment has three aspects: symptom management, relapse management, and disease-modifying therapy. Despite the benefits of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, studies indicate that several complementary therapies may also be promising. One such therapy is hippotherapy, an equine-assisted form of physical therapy that uses the characteristic movements of a horse. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to review the published literature on the impact of hippotherapy on multiple sclerosis. Materials and methods: A review of available studies examining the relationship between hippotherapy and multiple sclerosis was conducted. To identify relevant literature, the PubMed and Google Scholar databases were used. Results: Several studies investigating the effect of hippotherapy as a complementary intervention on the course of multiple sclerosis indicate that this intervention can be beneficial for affected patients. Patients in the hippotherapy intervention group showed improvements in balance, fatigue, spasticity, walking performance, spatiotemporal gait parameters, processing of sensory cues for postural control, trunk and upper-limb control, dynamic control, facilitated movement, and quality of life. Conclusions: Hippotherapy may be a useful complementary treatment for improving walking and other functional outcomes in people with multiple sclerosis, but the available evidence remains limited and further studies are needed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sylwia Bryksy, Agnieszka Przybyłowska , Natalia Popczyk, Jakub Jopek, Agnieszka Piechowicz , Michał Popczyk, Aleksandra Marciszewska, Martyna Świątecka, Jakub Kaźmierczyk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Comparison of the long-term clinical, metabolic, and economic outcomes of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB)
Introduction: Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial disease affecting over one billion people worldwide (WHO, 2025). It increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers. Because conservative treatment has limited long-term efficacy, bariatric surgery, particularly Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB), has become a key therapy for morbid obesity. Aim: To compare long-term clinical, metabolic and cost-effectiveness outcomes of SG and RYGB Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed, PMC, Google Scholar and ResearchGate, limited to English publications. The analysis included major randomized trials and cost-effectiveness studies, as well as WHO, IFSO and national guidelines. Results: RYGB produced greater long-term weight loss, with %TWL higher by 3.6–4.9 percent, and higher diabetes remission (75 vs 61 percent at 1 year; 37 vs 27 percent at 10 years) compared with SG. It also more strongly improved insulin sensitivity and triglycerides, but carried an increased risk of nutritional deficiencies, mainly iron and vitamin B12, requiring lifelong supplementation. SG caused fewer nutritional issues but was associated with a higher incidence of GERD. Quality-of-life improvements measured by SF-36 and BAROS were similar. Cost analyses showed that RYGB, despite higher initial costs, leads to net savings within 5–10 years because of greater remission of metabolic comorbidities. Both Borisenko and Lauren confirmed its economic advantage in public health systems. Conclusions: RYGB offers superior long-term metabolic benefits and cost-effectiveness, though with higher nutritional risk. SG remains a safe and effective option, especially for patients without severe metabolic disease or GERD. The choice of procedure should be individualized, considering metabolic benefit, nutritional risk and economic factors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hubert Bołdys-Żegocki, Anna Karcz, Barbara Pająk , Oliwia Wróblewska , Małgorzata Dworniczak, Sofiya Salash, Aleksandra Romaniuk, Jakub Majewski , Maria Kaniecka, Artur Koza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Enhancing Instructional Quality in Macro-Unit Physical Education Pathways Informed by Nonlinear Pedagogy
The Physical Education and Health Curriculum Standards for Compulsory Education (2022 Edition) emphasize that diversified teaching approaches play an essential role in guiding students to think independently and engage in self-directed practice, thereby fostering their comprehensive practical competence and innovative awareness. Accordingly, traditional single-mode instruction, in which teachers demonstrate and students imitate, must be transformed. Against this backdrop, the present study employs the methods of literature review, experimental research, and logical analysis to investigate the application paradigm of ecological dynamics theory in physical education. The primary manifestation of ecological dynamics in this field is nonlinear pedagogy. The findings indicate that nonlinear pedagogy, through a constraint-led mechanism (the triadic constraints of individual–environment–task), effectively addresses the common dilemmas in teaching—namely, weak student interest, disconnection between learning contexts and skill application, and overly lengthy instructional tasks—by focusing on three dimensions: constructing high-quality learning situations, reinforcing task degeneracy, and stimulating students’ self-organization. Based on these findings, the application of this teaching approach contributes to enhancing students’ exploratory engagement and capacity for self-organization, promotes positive transfer of motor skills, and provides both theoretical support and practical reference for the optimization of large-unit teaching models in physical education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cong Chen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effects of Ashwagandha Supplementation on Strength, Endurance, and Post-Exercise Recovery: A Review
Introduction: Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a traditional adaptogenic herb widely used in Ayurveda – traditional Indian medicine. Recent studies have investigated its potential benefits in sports and physical activity, including improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, recovery, and psychophysiological adaptation. Its effects are attributed to adaptogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties, and modulation of hormonal responses. Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to review the scientific literature regarding the effects of Ashwagandha supplementation on parameters relevant to sports performance. Materials and Methods: An extensive literature research was conducted in the PubMed database up to the year 2025. Summary: Evidence indicates that Ashwagandha supplementation provides multidimensional benefits in sports and physical activity. Improvements include increased VO₂max, extended time to exhaustion, enhanced muscle strength and lean body mass, and increased arm circumference and testosterone levels. Ashwagandha also supports recovery by reducing perceived fatigue, improving sleep quality, decreasing exercise-induced muscle enzyme elevation, and lowering inflammatory markers such as CRP. Additional effects include antioxidant protection, reduced oxidative stress, and favorable hormonal modulation (e.g., cortisol reduction of 27–30%, increased testosterone). Conclusions: Ashwagandha appears to be a safe and promising supplement for enhancing performance, strength, and recovery. However, due to methodological limitations, variability in dosing, and heterogeneity of study populations, its use should be guided by individual assessment and consultation with a qualified professional. Further well-designed clinical trials are needed to establish optimal supplementation protocols and long-term effects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kamila Prokopczyk, Michał Józef Peszt, Paulina Jakubowska, Kacper Poręba, Martyna Poręba, Antoni Wasilczuk, Mikołaj Szaryński, Aleksandra Lewandowska-Mackiewicz, Rafał Rusiłowicz, Julia Matuszewska, Martyna Jakubowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Dental injuries in sports: patterns, risk factors, and management – a literature review
Sports-related maxillofacial and dental injuries remain a major clinical challenge despite advances in protective equipment and growing awareness of prevention. This review summarizes current knowledge on the epidemiology, mechanisms, and management of the most common injuries affecting athletes, including dental trauma, mandibular and maxillary fractures, zygomatic and orbital injuries, nasal fractures, and a wide range of soft tissue lesions. Particular attention is given to patterns of dental trauma—such as crown and root fractures, luxations, and avulsions—which are highly prevalent and often require urgent intervention to preserve function and aesthetics. The article highlights the importance of early diagnosis, appropriate imaging, and evidence-based treatment strategies, as well as interdisciplinary collaboration between sports medicine specialists, dentists, and surgeons. Emphasis is also placed on prevention, especially the use of custom-fitted mouthguards and athlete education. Understanding injury mechanisms and implementing effective protective measures are essential for reducing trauma incidence and ensuring safe return to sport.
Copyright (c) 2025 Karolina Kadłubowska, Adrian Sikorski, Natalia Chojnowska, Jan Rytel, Mikołaj Szaryński, Paulina Jakubowska, Martyna Jakubowska, Michał Bursztyn, Tomasz Bursztyn, Adrian Gólcz, Julia Gólcz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Clinical and biomechanical perspectives on runner’s knee: a literature-based review of patellofemoral pain syndrome
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS), widely known as runner’s knee, is one of the most common yet frequently misunderstood causes of anterior knee pain in active individuals. This review highlights the multifactorial nature of PFPS, emphasizing the complex interplay between biomechanical dysfunction, muscular imbalances, anatomical variations, overuse, and psychological influences. The article synthesizes current evidence on pathophysiology, clinical presentation, risk factors, and diagnostic challenges, demonstrating why accurate identification of PFPS remains difficult and often requires a comprehensive, cluster-based clinical approach. Special attention is given to the role of hip and quadriceps weakness, abnormal lower-limb alignment, and altered movement patterns in generating patellofemoral overload. The review also evaluates contemporary treatment strategies, with strong support for conservative, exercise-based rehabilitation focused on strengthening, movement retraining, flexibility, and patient education. Adjunctive tools such as taping, bracing, and orthoses are discussed as supportive options rather than primary interventions. Early, individualized therapy is essential for preventing chronic symptoms and enabling a safe, lasting return to physical activity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Karolina Kadłubowska, Adam Sikorski, Mikołaj Szaryński, Paulina Jakubowska, Natalia Chojnowska, Jan Rytel, Martyna Jakubowska, Michał Bursztyn, Tomasz Bursztyn, Adrian Gólcz, Julia Gólcz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The hidden cost of the pool: environmental risk factors, clinical implications, strategies for prevention and treatment – a literature review
Dental erosion refers to the gradual loss of tooth structure caused by acids unrelated to bacteria. Competitive swimmers face a heightened risk due to frequent exposure to chlorinated pool water, often with low pH, which weakens enamel. This review compiles research from 2000 to 2025 on the prevalence, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of enamel erosion in swimmers. Key risk factors include the duration of training, mouth breathing, and poor pool water maintenance. Saliva plays a vital role in protecting against erosion. Effective prevention strategies involve ensuring proper pool pH levels, using custom-fit mouthguards, and promoting good oral hygiene practices. Treatment options, depending on the severity, range from remineralization to restorative procedures. Despite growing awareness, regular dental check-ups among swimmers remain insufficient. An individualized, collaborative approach is crucial, along with enhanced education for both athletes and coaches. Routine monitoring should be integrated into sports dentistry practices to ensure long-term oral health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Natalia Chojnowska, Karolina Kadłubowska, Jan Rytel, Adam Sikorski, Mikołaj Szaryński, Paulina Jakubowska, Martyna Jakubowska, Michał Bursztyn, Tomasz Bursztyn, Julia Gólcz, Adrian Gólcz, Katarzyna Szurna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Background: Bouldering is a rapidly growing sport with emerging evidence of health-promoting effects across physical, psychological, and social domains. Aim: To synthesize current research on the health benefits of bouldering and assess its potential as a preventive and therapeutic intervention. Methods: This paper reviews over 20 peer-reviewed studies, including randomized controlled trials, qualitative analyses, and mixed-methods research, examining bouldering’s effects on mental health, physical fitness, and social well-being. Results: Bouldering was associated with significant reductions in depression, anxiety, and stress, alongside improvements in self-efficacy and emotional regulation. Physical benefits included increased muscular strength, endurance, and improved body composition. Social gains involved enhanced connection, inclusion, and subjective well-being. Outcomes were comparable or superior to traditional exercise and therapeutic approaches in several studies. Conclusions: Bouldering is a holistic, accessible intervention that fosters integrated health benefits. Its unique combination of cognitive, physical, and social challenges supports its inclusion in health promotion and therapeutic settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Martyna Woźniak, Marcela Słomianny, Karolina Kutnik, Karolina Kusibab, Gabriela Sikora, Michał Czechowski, Katarzyna Gunia, Karolina Koguc, Karolina Kolada, Małgorzata Sajda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Comparison of Knowledge about Cellulite and Its Reduction Methods among Women and Men
Introduction and purpose Cellulite (gynoid lipodystrophy, GLD) is a disorder of adipose tissue characterized by fibrotic degeneration of connective tissue and structural changes within the subcutaneous layer. It mainly affects women, regardless of age and body weight, while in men it occurs less frequently and is usually associated with hormonal disturbances. The pathogenesis of cellulite is complex and involves impaired microcirculation, adipocyte hypertrophy, increased vascular permeability, genetic predisposition, and an unhealthy lifestyle. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of women and men regarding cellulite and its reduction methods, as well as to analyze the relationship between the degree of severity and factors such as gender, age, BMI, and lifestyle. Materials and method The study included 104 participants; after verification, 99 respondents (69 women and 30 men) were qualified for the analysis. A diagnostic survey was conducted using an original questionnaire consisting of 22 closed and one open-ended question. The responses regarding the occurrence of cellulite, the level of knowledge, and the applied preventive methods were analyzed. Results Cellulite occurs more frequently and in more advanced stages in women than in men. The severity of changes correlates with higher Body Mass Index (BMI), poor diet, and low physical activity. Most respondents demonstrate general knowledge about cellulite but do not undertake professional treatments, which may result from limited awareness, high costs, or doubts about the effectiveness of procedures. Conclusions Gynoid lipodystrophy is a common aesthetic issue whose severity depends on lifestyle and physiological factors. Public knowledge about its prevention and therapy is moderate and should be improved through education and the promotion of healthy habits.
Copyright (c) 2025 Katarzyna Hołda, Dagmara Polak-Bielawska, Aleksandra Kutaj , Tatyana Savitskaya, Wiktoria Błaszczyk , Dawid Wiczkowski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Taurine in Sports: Impact on Athletic Performance, Muscle Recovery and Neurological Function in Athletes – A Narrative Review
*:first-child]:mt-0" style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: #000000; color: #000000;"> *:first-child]:mt-0" style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; caret-color: #000000; color: #000000;"> Purpose: This review examines the ergogenic potential of taurine in athletes, focusing on its effects on aerobic and anaerobic performance, exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), recovery, and neurological aspects such as pain perception and cognitive focus. It also considers how dose, timing, and duration (acute vs. chronic use) influence outcomes. Materials and Methods: A narrative review of 19 peer-reviewed studies (RCTs, meta-analyses, observational research) from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted. Studies involved swimming, running, cycling, speed skating, and resistance training. Taurine doses ranged from 0.05–6 g/day. Outcomes included VO2max, time to exhaustion, time-trial performance, anaerobic power (Wingate, vertical jump), biomarkers of muscle damage (CK, LDH), oxidative stress (MDA, SOD, GSH), pain, and RPE. Results: Effects varied by exercise type and dosing. In anaerobic tasks, acute taurine (6 g) enhanced peak and mean power and lowered RPE in elite athletes, while broader data indicate improved vertical jump. Endurance results were inconsistent: some studies showed no changes in VO2max or time-trial performance, whereas others reported increased time to exhaustion and greater lipid use. Taurine consistently reduced CK, LDH, and MDA after exercise, especially 24–48 hours post-effort. It also affected pain perception up to 96 hours and showed neuroprotective properties in animal models. Conclusions: Taurine is a safe option for reducing EIMD and oxidative stress, supporting recovery. Ergogenic benefits appear stronger in anaerobic, high-power activities than in endurance sports, where outcomes are mixed and may relate to non-responder effects in elite athletes. Taurine’s influence on lipid metabolism and lactate kinetics suggests support for anaerobic energy processes. Further research should refine dosing strategies and explore neuroprotective roles in contact sports.
Copyright (c) 2025 Michał Jezierski, Izabela Brynczka, Klaudia Martyna Patrzykąt, Zofia Gorzoch-Burduk, Julia Puzio, Paula Marcinkowska, Marta Krzyżaniak, Kinga Popielarska, Ewelina Nowicka, Kamila Wróblewska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0