The Role of Sleep in Immune Function and Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Sleep and immunity are closely interconnected: sleep regulates immune function, while infection alters sleep architecture. This narrative review summarizes evidence linking insufficient sleep with impaired immunity and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. Short sleep duration (≤6 hours) and poor sleep quality are associated with increased inflammation and a higher risk of viral infections, including rhinovirus and SARS-CoV-2. Insufficient sleep around vaccination may reduce antibody production and impair T-cell immune memory. In obstructive sleep apnea, severe disease is associated with impaired humoral immunity, while positive airway pressure therapy may improve immune function. Melatonin may further support immunomodulation by linking circadian rhythms with immune regulation. Overall, adequate, high-quality sleep contributes to infectious disease prevention and optimal vaccine-induced immunity.