Thymus Vulgaris in Respiratory Diseases: Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2026.72.75081Keywords
Thymus vulgaris, essential oil, thymol, respiratory tract diseases, anti-inflammatory activity, antimicrobial activity, antiviral activityAbstract
Background. Thymus vulgaris is a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds, particularly thymol and carvacrol, with antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and bronchodilatory properties relevant to respiratory diseases.
Aim. To summarize the current evidence on the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Thymus vulgaris in respiratory diseases.
Material and methods. A narrative review of review articles, preclinical studies, and clinical trials published between 2000 and 2024 was performed using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases.
Results. Preclinical studies demonstrate that Thymus vulgaris exhibits antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and bronchodilatory activities through inhibition of pathogens, modulation of inflammatory pathways, reduction of oxidative stress, and relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle. Clinical studies, although limited, suggest that thyme preparations may improve respiratory symptoms, enhance selected pulmonary function parameters, and support recovery in viral respiratory infections, including COVID-19.
Conclusions. Thymus vulgaris shows promise as a supportive phytotherapeutic agent in respiratory diseases. However, larger, well-designed randomized clinical trials are required to confirm its efficacy, safety, and optimal clinical use.
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