Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH): Etiology, Epidemiology and Global Prevalence – a Narrative Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2026.61.72991Keywords
molar incisor hypomineralization, MIH, dental enamel defects, amelogenesis, epidemiology, etiology, prevalence, genetic factors, environmental factors, paediatric dentistryAbstract
Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) is a developmental enamel defect affecting first permanent molars and often incisors. Recognized by the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry in 2003, it is now considered a global public health issue associated with hypersensitivity, rapid caries progression, enamel breakdown, and reduced quality of life in children. To summarize current knowledge on the etiology and epidemiology of MIH, focusing on genetic and environmental risk factors and global prevalence.Material and methods. A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases (2003–2025). Keywords included “MIH”, “hypomineralization”, “etiology”, and “prevalence”. Original studies and reviews in English were included; duplicates and studies without clear diagnostic criteria were excluded. Global MIH prevalence ranges from 9% to 14%, with regional variation (higher in South America, lower in Africa). It mainly affects children aged 6–10 years, with no consistent gender differences. Etiology is multifactorial, involving prenatal (maternal illness), perinatal (prematurity, hypoxia), and postnatal factors (infections, antibiotics). Genetic susceptibility involves genes related to enamel formation and immune response. Environmental factors such as dioxins and bisphenol A may contribute.Conclusions. MIH is a common enamel disorder with complex etiology involving gene–environment interactions. Further standardized and longitudinal studies are needed to improve understanding, diagnosis, and prevention.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Wojciech Pondo, Aleksandra Barszcz, Agnieszka Tora, Kacper Petelicki, Julia Szulim, Ewa Biełanowicz, Natalia Smyczyńska, Mikołaj Kubik
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