Physical Activity in Parkinson’s Disease: Effects on Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms and Implications for Disease Progression

Abstract

Background:
Parkinson’s disease is a progressive condition that affects both movement and non-motor functions, with a growing impact on daily functioning over time. Pharmacological treatment remains central, but it does not address the underlying neurodegeneration.

Objective:
This review examines the role of physical activity in Parkinson’s disease, focusing on its effects on symptoms, mechanisms underlying these effects, and its relationship with disease progression.
Methods:
A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search covered studies published between January 2015 and February 2026 and focused on systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and relevant clinical studies.

Results:
Exercise improves motor function in Parkinson’s disease. This is most evident in walking and balance. Benefits are also reported in cognition, mood, and sleep, although their magnitude varies across studies. Possible mechanisms include changes in neural plasticity and metabolic processes, but these are rarely measured directly in clinical research. The effect on disease progression remains unclear. Some studies suggest a slower functional decline, while others do not show a measurable difference.

Conclusions:
Regular physical activity improves functional outcomes and supports long-term management in Parkinson’s disease. Its effect on the underlying disease process remains uncertain, but the available evidence is sufficient to support exercise as part of routine care.