Effect of Finnish Sauna and other heat therapies on type 2 diabetes management and complications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2026.60.72761Keywords
Finnish sauna, heat therapy, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hsp-70, glycaemic control, cardiovascular complicationsAbstract
Background. Type 2 diabetes mellitus affects approximately 589 million adults worldwide and is projected to reach 900 million by 2050. Current management is limited by high treatment costs, low patient compliance, and disability caused by complications. Passive heat therapy has attracted growing scientific interest as an accessible complementary intervention.
Aim. To evaluate whether passive heat therapy offers benefit as a complementary treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and its complications.
Material and Methods. Narrative literature review using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. Search terms included: "Finnish sauna", "passive heat therapy", "hot water immersion", "diabetes", and "diabetes complications". Only English-language publications were included with no time restrictions.
Results. Repeated heat therapy sessions improved fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c, while single exposures produced no measurable glycaemic benefit. Heat therapy was associated with increased insulin sensitivity and HSP-70 upregulation. Regular sauna use reduced cardiovascular mortality, improved endothelial function, and lowered blood pressure. Preliminary evidence suggests benefits in retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and diabetic foot perfusion.
Conclusions. Passive heat therapy shows promise as a complementary intervention in type 2 diabetes, particularly regarding cardiovascular outcomes and glycaemic control. Evidence is currently limited by small sample sizes and heterogeneous protocols. Patients on insulin therapy should be monitored for hypoglycaemia during heat exposure.
References
1. Laukkanen T, Khan H, Zaccardi F, Laukkanen JA. Association between sauna bathing and fatal cardiovascular and all-cause mortality events. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Apr;175(4):542-8. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8187. PMID: 25705824.
2. Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen T, Laukkanen JA. Sauna bathing reduces the risk of respiratory diseases: a long-term prospective cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017 Dec;32(12):1107-1111. doi: 10.1007/s10654-017-0311-6. Epub 2017 Sep 13. PMID: 28905164.
3. Laukkanen T, Kunutsor S, Kauhanen J, Laukkanen JA. Sauna bathing is inversely associated with dementia and Alzheimer's disease in middle-aged Finnish men. Age Ageing. 2017 Mar 1;46(2):245-249. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afw212. PMID: 27932366.
4. Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen T, Laukkanen JA. Sauna bathing reduces the risk of respiratory diseases: a long-term prospective cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017 Dec;32(12):1107-1111. doi: 10.1007/s10654-017-0311-6. Epub 2017 Sep 13. PMID: 28905164.
5. Genitsaridi I, Salpea P, Salim A, Sajjadi SF, Tomic D, James S, Thirunavukkarasu S, Issaka A, Chen L, Basit A, Luk AOY, Ma RCW, Mbanya JC, Ramachandran A, Wild SH, Duncan BB, Boyko EJ, Magliano DJ. 11th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional, and national diabetes prevalence estimates for 2024 and projections for 2050. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2026 Feb;14(2):149-156. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(25)00299-2. Epub 2025 Dec 15. PMID: 41412135.
6. Kalyani RR, Neumiller JJ, Maruthur NM, Wexler DJ. Diagnosis and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults: A Review. JAMA. 2025 Sep 16;334(11):984-1002. doi: 10.1001/jama.2025.5956. PMID: 40549398; PMCID: PMC13014273.
7. Kirkman MS, Rowan-Martin MT, Levin R, Fonseca VA, Schmittdiel JA, Herman WH, Aubert RE. Determinants of adherence to diabetes medications: findings from a large pharmacy claims database. Diabetes Care. 2015 Apr;38(4):604-9. doi: 10.2337/dc14-2098. Epub 2015 Jan 8. PMID: 25573883; PMCID: PMC4370331.
8. MacDonald CS, Ried-Larsen M, Soleimani J, Alsawas M, Lieberman DE, Ismail AS, Serafim LP, Yang T, Prokop L, Joyner M, Murad MH, Barwise A. A systematic review of adherence to physical activity interventions in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2021 Nov;37(8):e3444. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.3444. Epub 2021 Mar 26. PMID: 33769660.
9. Ahmad E, Lim S, Lamptey R, Webb DR, Davies MJ. Type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2022 Nov 19;400(10365):1803-1820. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01655-5. Epub 2022 Nov 1. PMID: 36332637.
10. Nava R, Zuhl MN. Heat acclimation-induced intracellular HSP70 in humans: a meta-analysis. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2020 Jan;25(1):35-45. doi: 10.1007/s12192-019-01059-y. Epub 2019 Dec 10. PMID: 31823288; PMCID: PMC6985308.
11. Morimoto RI. Regulation of the heat shock transcriptional response: cross talk between a family of heat shock factors, molecular chaperones, and negative regulators. Genes Dev. 1998 Dec 15;12(24):3788-96. doi: 10.1101/gad.12.24.3788. PMID: 9869631.
12. Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature. 2006 Dec 14;444(7121):860-7. doi: 10.1038/nature05485. PMID: 17167474.
13. Rodrigues-Krause J, Krause M, O'Hagan C, De Vito G, Boreham C, Murphy C, Newsholme P, Colleran G. Divergence of intracellular and extracellular HSP72 in type 2 diabetes: does fat matter? Cell Stress Chaperones. 2012 May;17(3):293-302. doi: 10.1007/s12192-011-0319-x. Epub 2012 Jan 4. PMID: 22215518; PMCID: PMC3312959.
14. Al-Zuhaeri AA, Al-Shakour AA, Ali Mansour A. Serum Level of Heat Shock Protein 70 in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Basrah, Iraq. Arch Razi Inst. 2022 Oct 31;77(5):1837-1844. doi: 10.22092/ARI.2022.358129.2155. PMID: 37123136; PMCID: PMC10133620.
15. de Lemos Muller CH, Schroeder HT, Rodrigues-Krause J, Krause M. Extra and intra cellular HSP70 levels in adults with and without metabolic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2023 Nov;28(6):761-771. doi: 10.1007/s12192-023-01368-3. Epub 2023 Jul 26. PMID: 37495770; PMCID: PMC10746644.
16. Li Y, Lin S, Xu X, Jin W, Su Y, Yuan F, Zhang Y, Li Z, Zhou Y, Zhu L, Zhang L. Skeletal muscle HSF1 prevents insulin resistance by improving glucose utilization. FASEB J. 2022 Dec;36(12):e22667. doi: 10.1096/fj.202201160RR. Erratum in: FASEB J. 2023 Feb;37(2):e22756. doi: 10.1096/fsb2.22756. PMID: 36421020.
17. Chung J, Nguyen AK, Henstridge DC, Holmes AG, Chan MH, Mesa JL, Lancaster GI, Southgate RJ, Bruce CR, Duffy SJ, Horvath I, Mestril R, Watt MJ, Hooper PL, Kingwell BA, Vigh L, Hevener A, Febbraio MA. HSP72 protects against obesity-induced insulin resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Feb 5;105(5):1739-44. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0705799105. Epub 2008 Jan 25. PMID: 18223156; PMCID: PMC2234214.
18. Kokura S, Adachi S, Manabe E, Mizushima K, Hattori T, Okuda T, Nakabe N, Handa O, Takagi T, Naito Y, Yoshida N, Yoshikawa T. Whole body hyperthermia improves obesity-induced insulin resistance in diabetic mice. Int J Hyperthermia. 2007 May;23(3):259-65. doi: 10.1080/02656730601176824. PMID: 17523018.
19. Kondo T, Sasaki K, Matsuyama R, Morino-Koga S, Adachi H, Suico MA, Kawashima J, Motoshima H, Furukawa N, Kai H, Araki E. Hyperthermia with mild electrical stimulation protects pancreatic β-cells from cell stresses and apoptosis. Diabetes. 2012 Apr;61(4):838-47. doi: 10.2337/db11-1098. Epub 2012 Feb 23. PMID: 22362176; PMCID: PMC3314363.
20. Bouchama A, Aziz MA, Mahri SA, Gabere MN, Dlamy MA, Mohammad S, Abbad MA, Hussein M. A Model of Exposure to Extreme Environmental Heat Uncovers the Human Transcriptome to Heat Stress. Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 25;7(1):9429. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09819-5. Erratum in: Sci Rep. 2026 Mar 3;16(1):8052. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-40575-7. PMID: 28842615; PMCID: PMC5573409.
21. James TJ, Corbett J, Cummings M, Allard S, Shute JK, Belcher H, Mayes H, Gould AAM, Piccolo DD, Tipton M, Perissiou M, Saynor ZL, Shepherd AI. The effect of repeated hot water immersion on insulin sensitivity, heat shock protein 70, and inflammation in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Dec 1;325(6):E755-E763. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00222.2023. Epub 2023 Nov 8. PMID: 37938179.
22. Pilch W, Szarek M, Olga CL, Anna P, Żychowska M, Ewa SK, Andraščíková Š, Pałka T. The effects of a single and a series of Finnish sauna sessions on the immune response and HSP-70 levels in trained and untrained men. Int J Hyperthermia. 2023;40(1):2179672. doi: 10.1080/02656736.2023.2179672. PMID: 36813265.
23. Behzadi P, Ravanelli N, Gravel H, Barry H, Debray A, Chaseling GK, Jacquemet V, Neagoe PE, Nigam A, Carpentier AC, Sirois MG, Gagnon D. Acute effect of passive heat exposure on markers of cardiometabolic function in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2022 May 1;132(5):1154-1166. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00800.2021. Epub 2022 Mar 24. PMID: 35323077.
24. Pallubinsky H, Phielix E, Dautzenberg B, Schaart G, Connell NJ, de Wit-Verheggen V, Havekes B, van Baak MA, Schrauwen P, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Passive exposure to heat improves glucose metabolism in overweight humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2020 Aug;229(4):e13488. doi: 10.1111/apha.13488. Epub 2020 Jun 1. PMID: 32359193; PMCID: PMC7379279.
25. Hoekstra SP, Bishop NC, Faulkner SH, Bailey SJ, Leicht CA. Acute and chronic effects of hot water immersion on inflammation and metabolism in sedentary, overweight adults. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2018 Dec 1;125(6):2008-2018. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00407.2018. Epub 2018 Oct 18. PMID: 30335579.
26. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes*. 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026. Diabetes Care. 2026 Jan 1;49(Supplement_1):S27-S49. doi: 10.2337/dc26-S002. PMID: 41358893; PMCID: PMC12690183.
27. Selvin E, Marinopoulos S, Berkenblit G, Rami T, Brancati FL, Powe NR, Golden SH. Meta-analysis: glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Sep 21;141(6):421-31. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-141-6-200409210-00007. PMID: 15381515.
28. Joseph JJ, Deedwania P, Acharya T, Aguilar D, Bhatt DL, Chyun DA, Di Palo KE, Golden SH, Sperling LS; American Heart Association Diabetes Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology; Council on Clinical Cardiology; and Council on Hypertension. Comprehensive Management of Cardiovascular Risk Factors for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022 Mar;145(9):e722-e759. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001040. Epub 2022 Jan 10. PMID: 35000404.
29. Hooper PL. Hot-tub therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1999 Sep 16;341(12):924-5. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199909163411216. PMID: 10498473.
30. Oláh M, Koncz Á, Fehér J, Kálmánczhey J, Oláh C, Nagy G, Bender T. The effect of balneotherapy on antioxidant, inflammatory, and metabolic indices in patients with cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension and obesity)--a randomised, controlled, follow-up study. Contemp Clin Trials. 2011 Nov;32(6):793-801. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2011.06.003. Epub 2011 Jul 6. PMID: 21763463.
31. Koçak FA, Kurt EE, Milletli Sezgin F, Şaş S, Tuncay F, Erdem HR. The effect of balneotherapy on body mass index, adipokine levels, sleep disturbances, and quality of life of women with morbid obesity. Int J Biometeorol. 2020 Sep;64(9):1463-1472. doi: 10.1007/s00484-020-01924-x. Epub 2020 May 6. PMID: 32377931; PMCID: PMC7223765.
32. Imamura M, Biro S, Kihara T, Yoshifuku S, Takasaki K, Otsuji Y, Minagoe S, Toyama Y, Tei C. Repeated thermal therapy improves impaired vascular endothelial function in patients with coronary risk factors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Oct;38(4):1083-8. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01467-x. PMID: 11583886.
33. Kamioka H, Mori Y, Horiuchi T, Hayashi T, Ohmura K, Yamaguchi S, Kato M. Association of Daily Home-Based Hot Water Bathing and Glycemic Control in Ambulatory Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020 Dec 22;13:5059-5069. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S279270. PMID: 33376375; PMCID: PMC7764630.
34. Maley MJ, Hunt AP, Stewart IB, Faulkner SH, Minett GM. Passive heating and glycaemic control in non-diabetic and diabetic individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019 Mar 22;14(3):e0214223. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214223. PMID: 30901372; PMCID: PMC6430508.
35. Gregg EW, Li Y, Wang J, Burrows NR, Ali MK, Rolka D, Williams DE, Geiss L. Changes in diabetes-related complications in the United States, 1990-2010. N Engl J Med. 2014 Apr 17;370(16):1514-23. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1310799. PMID: 24738668.
36. Arnold SV, Khunti K, Tang F, Chen H, Cid-Ruzafa J, Cooper A, Fenici P, Gomes MB, Hammar N, Ji L, Saraiva GL, Medina J, Nicolucci A, Ramirez L, Rathmann W, Shestakova MV, Shimomura I, Surmont F, Vora J, Watada H, Kosiborod M. Incidence rates and predictors of microvascular and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: Results from the longitudinal global discover study. Am Heart J. 2022 Jan;243:232-239. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2021.10.181. Epub 2021 Oct 16. PMID: 34666013.
37. Sheetz MJ, King GL. Molecular understanding of hyperglycemia's adverse effects for diabetic complications. JAMA. 2002 Nov 27;288(20):2579-88. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.20.2579. PMID: 12444865.
38. Lüscher TF. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide: the endogenous nitrovasodilator in the human cardiovascular system. Eur Heart J. 1991 Nov;12 Suppl E:2-11. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/12.suppl_e.2. PMID: 1790780.
39. Loader J, Montero D, Lorenzen C, Watts R, Méziat C, Reboul C, Stewart S, Walther G. Acute Hyperglycemia Impairs Vascular Function in Healthy and Cardiometabolic Diseased Subjects: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015 Sep;35(9):2060-72. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.305530. Epub 2015 Jun 25. PMID: 26112007.
40. Laukkanen T, Khan H, Zaccardi F, Laukkanen JA. Association between sauna bathing and fatal cardiovascular and all-cause mortality events. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Apr;175(4):542-8. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8187. PMID: 25705824.
41. Kunutsor SK, Khan H, Zaccardi F, Laukkanen T, Willeit P, Laukkanen JA. Sauna bathing reduces the risk of stroke in Finnish men and women: A prospective cohort study. Neurology. 2018 May 29;90(22):e1937-e1944. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005606. Epub 2018 May 2. PMID: 29720543.
42. Brunt VE, Howard MJ, Francisco MA, Ely BR, Minson CT. Passive heat therapy improves endothelial function, arterial stiffness and blood pressure in sedentary humans. J Physiol. 2016 Sep 15;594(18):5329-42. doi: 10.1113/JP272453. Epub 2016 Jun 30. PMID: 27270841; PMCID: PMC5023696.
43. Greyling A, Schreuder TH, Landman T, Draijer R, Verheggen RJ, Hopman MT, Thijssen DH. Elevation in blood flow and shear rate prevents hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction in healthy subjects and those with type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015 Mar 1;118(5):579-85. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00936.2014. Epub 2015 Jan 15. PMID: 25593286.
44. Cullen T, Clarke ND, Hill M, Menzies C, Pugh CJA, Steward CJ, Thake CD. The health benefits of passive heating and aerobic exercise: To what extent do the mechanisms overlap? J Appl Physiol (1985). 2020 Dec 1;129(6):1304-1309. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00608.2020. Epub 2020 Oct 1. PMID: 33002381.
45. Iwona BS. Growth Factors in the Pathogenesis of Retinal Neurodegeneration in Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2016;14(8):792-804. doi: 10.2174/1570159x14666160813182009. PMID: 27528260; PMCID: PMC5333593.
46. Fujino R, Totsuka K, Shiraya T, Ueta T, Araki F, Terao R. Combined thermal and mild electrical stimulations modulate heat shock protein and VEGF in retinal pigment epithelial cells under high glucose. BMC Res Notes. 2025 Oct 29;18(1):459. doi: 10.1186/s13104-025-07539-y. PMID: 41163032; PMCID: PMC12574004.
47. Kowluru RA, Mohammad G, dos Santos JM, Zhong Q. Abrogation of MMP-9 gene protects against the development of retinopathy in diabetic mice by preventing mitochondrial damage. Diabetes. 2011 Nov;60(11):3023-33. doi: 10.2337/db11-0816. Epub 2011 Sep 20. Erratum in: Diabetes. 2021 Jan;70(1):301. doi: 10.2337/db21-er01a. PMID: 21933988; PMCID: PMC3198054.
48. Juett LA, Funnell MP, Carroll HA, James LJ, Mears SA. 24 h severe fluid restriction increases a biomarker of renal injury in healthy males. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2025 Jul;125(7):1983-1995. doi: 10.1007/s00421-025-05749-7. Epub 2025 Mar 7. PMID: 40053075; PMCID: PMC12227480.
49. Zhang Z, Heerspink HJL, Chertow GM, Correa-Rotter R, Gasparrini A, Jongs N, Langkilde AM, McMurray JJV, Mistry MN, Rossing P, Toto RD, Vart P, Nitsch D, Wheeler DC, Caplin B. Ambient heat exposure and kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease: a post-hoc analysis of the DAPA-CKD trial. Lancet Planet Health. 2024 Apr;8(4):e225-e233. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00026-3. PMID: 38580424.
50. Goto H, Nakashima M, Nakashima H, Noguchi M, Imakiire T, Oshima N, Kinoshita M, Kumagai H. Heat acclimation ameliorated heat stress-induced acute kidney injury and prevented changes in kidney macrophages and fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2022 Sep 1;323(3):F243-F254. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00065.2022. Epub 2022 Jul 7. PMID: 35796461; PMCID: PMC9394728.
51. Ravanelli N, Barry H, Schlader ZJ, Gagnon D. Impact of passive heat acclimation on markers of kidney function during heat stress. Exp Physiol. 2021 Jan;106(1):269-281. doi: 10.1113/EP088637. Epub 2020 Jun 19. PMID: 32495481.
52. Vincent AM, Callaghan BC, Smith AL, Feldman EL. Diabetic neuropathy: cellular mechanisms as therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011 Sep 13;7(10):573-83. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2011.137. PMID: 21912405.
53. Callaghan BC, Cheng HT, Stables CL, Smith AL, Feldman EL. Diabetic neuropathy: clinical manifestations and current treatments. Lancet Neurol. 2012 Jun;11(6):521-34. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70065-0. Epub 2012 May 16. PMID: 22608666; PMCID: PMC4254767.
54. Strobel A, Laputsina V, Heinze V, Schulz S, Wienke A, Reer M, Schlitt A. Nonpharmaceutical treatment of distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy in diabetic patients: an unblinded randomized clinical trial. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2025 Mar 6;25(1):93. doi: 10.1186/s12906-025-04830-0. PMID: 40050870; PMCID: PMC11887202.
55. Masuda A, Koga Y, Hattanmaru M, Minagoe S, Tei C. The effects of repeated thermal therapy for patients with chronic pain. Psychother Psychosom. 2005;74(5):288-94. doi: 10.1159/000086319. PMID: 16088266.
56. Nurmikko T, Hietaharju A. Effect of exposure to sauna heat on neuropathic and rheumatoid pain. Pain. 1992 Apr;49(1):43-51. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(92)90186-F. Erratum in: Pain 1992 Jun;49(3):419. PMID: 1375727.
57. Pecoraro RE, Reiber GE, Burgess EM. Pathways to diabetic limb amputation. Basis for prevention. Diabetes Care. 1990 May;13(5):513-21. doi: 10.2337/diacare.13.5.513. PMID: 2351029.
58. Petrofsky JS, Lawson D, Berk L, Suh H. Enhanced healing of diabetic foot ulcers using local heat and electrical stimulation for 30 min three times per week. J Diabetes. 2010 Mar;2(1):41-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2009.00058.x. Epub 2009 Oct 26. PMID: 20923474.
59. Petrofsky JS, Lawson D, Suh HJ, Rossi C, Zapata K, Broadwell E, Littleton L. The influence of local versus global heat on the healing of chronic wounds in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2007 Dec;9(6):535-44. doi: 10.1089/dia.2007.0231. PMID: 18034608.
60. Dos Santos-Silva MA, Trajano ET, Schanuel FS, Monte-Alto-Costa A. Heat delays skin wound healing in mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2017 Feb;242(3):258-266. doi: 10.1177/1535370216675066. Epub 2016 Oct 23. PMID: 27798118; PMCID: PMC5384502.
61. Sebők J, Édel Z, Dembrovszky F, Farkas N, Török Z, Balogh G, Péter M, Papp I, Balogi Z, Nusser N, Péter I, Hooper P, Geiger P, Erőss B, Wittmann I, Váncsa S, Vigh L, Hegyi P. Effect of HEAT therapy in patiEnts with type 2 Diabetes mellitus (HEATED): protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2022 Jul 12;12(7):e062122. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062122. PMID: 35820741; PMCID: PMC9277369
62. Koivisto VA. Sauna-induced acceleration in insulin absorption from subcutaneous injection site. Br Med J. 1980 Jun 14;280(6229):1411-3. doi: 10.1136/bmj.280.6229.1411. PMID: 7000239; PMCID: PMC1601709.
63. Vanakoski J, Seppälä T. Heat exposure and drugs. A review of the effects of hyperthermia on pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1998 Apr;34(4):311-22. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199834040-00004. PMID: 9571303
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Amir Naziri, Julianna Rozalia Chyl, Martyna Zielnik, Katarzyna Stróżna, Olga Błażowska, Weronika Nowak, Oliwia Barbara Gutowska, Wiktoria Magdalena Kostuch, Alicja Jurewicz, Agata Zimon
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 4
Number of citations: 0
