Emerging Nicotine Pouches: Mechanisms of Action, Health Risks, and Regulatory Perspectives – A Systematic Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2026.58.72637Keywords
Nicotine, Nicotine pouches, Smokeless Tobacco, oral mucosal changes, SnusAbstract
Background: nicotine pouches are a growing category of smoke-free products, especially popular among adolescents. Although promoted as tobacco-free alternatives, they deliver nicotine, a highly addictive substance. Nicotine raises heart rate and blood pressure, may contribute to cardiovascular dysfunction, and affects gastrointestinal activity and immunity. Pouches enable nicotine absorption through the oral mucosa, lowering exposure to toxic byproducts, though systemic effects remain. Local use may cause mucosal irritation. Their discreet form and attractive flavors may encourage frequent use and dependence. While potentially less harmful than smoking, they are not risk-free, and evidence on their long-term effects is still limited.
Aim: The aim of this study was to review the current scientific literature in order to assess the impact of nicotine pouches on human health. The analysis examined available data on their systemic effects, the action of nicotine, and potential local effects in the oral cavity. Particular attention was paid to aspects related to the risk of addiction and the possible health consequences of their use.
Material and methods: The authors reviewed studies available in databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. Review articles and original studies were analyzed, focusing on the health effects of nicotine pouches and the substances they contain. The search terms included: “nicotine pouches”, “tobacco-free nicotine”, “nicotine addiction potential”. Data from selected publications were subjected to qualitative analysis.
Conclusions: Nicotine pouches have an impact on human health, both in terms of the systemic effects of nicotine and local effects in the oral cavity. At the same time, the available scientific research on their long-term effects remains limited, making it difficult to fully assess the health risks. For this reason, there is a need for further, studies to better determine their impact on the human body.
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