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Quality in Sport

The Effects of Protein Supplement Intake in Adolescents - Impact on Health and Development
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The Effects of Protein Supplement Intake in Adolescents - Impact on Health and Development

Authors

  • Aleksandra Sim Medical University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6475-4595
  • Joanna Mioduszewska Medical University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1024-1217
  • Paweł Rot Medical University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4140-4463
  • Piotr Poniewozik Medical University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6350-4981
  • Natalia Dziuba Medical University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4719-9208
  • Maja Pernal Medical University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9616-2361
  • Zofia Roguska Medical University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8588-2784
  • Andrzej Paweł Zuzak Medical University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6578-1457
  • Paweł Poniewozik Medical University of Lublin https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2057-2219
  • Krzysztof Grabowski Dr. Tytus Chałubiński Radom Specialist Hospital https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1482-7188

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2026.53.70238

Keywords

protein supplements, sports nutrition, body dysmorphia, adolescent health, whey protein

Abstract

Background: Over the past two decades, adolescent protein supplement consumption has surged, driven by social media "fitness culture" and evolving standards of muscularity. Despite protein's role in pubertal development, there is a significant shift toward prioritizing processed supplements over whole-food sources, particularly among young males and athletes lacking professional oversight.  

 

Aim: This study synthesizes clinical evidence and position statements to evaluate the prevalence, efficacy, and safety of protein supplementation in adolescents, focusing on physiological risks and the correlation with disordered eating or muscle dysmorphia.  

 

Material and methods: The study reviews data from major health organizations regarding protein requirements for active versus sedentary youth and the efficacy of whey protein compared to whole foods.  

 

Results: Clinical evidence shows that while whey protein may marginally improve aerobic capacity, it does not enhance muscle mass or anaerobic power more effectively than whole-food protein. Significant concerns include supplement contamination, heavy metals, renal stress, and acne exacerbation via IGF-1 stimulation. A "gateway effect" also correlates excessive intake with disordered eating and body dysmorphia.  

 

Conclusions: Health organizations emphasize a "food-first" approach, recommending supplements only when dietary intake is insufficient. Educational interventions are vital to mitigate the risks of unsupervised supplement use in youth.  

 

Key words: protein supplements, adolescent health, sports nutrition, whey protein, body dysmorphia. 

References

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Xiong, T., et al. (2023). Associations between High Protein Intake, Linear Growth, and Stunting in Children and Adolescents. Nutrients. Link: DOI 10.3390/nu15224821

Kerksick, C. M., et al. (2018). ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. JISSN. Link: DOI 10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y

Nagata, J. M., et al. (2020). Adolescent and Young Adult Use of Muscle-Building Dietary Supplements: Guidance for Assessment and Harm Reduction Approaches. Journal of Adolescent Health. Link: DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.005

Muhaidat, J. M., et al. (2024). The Effect of Whey Protein Supplements on Acne Vulgaris among Male Adolescents: A Case-Control Study. Dermatology Research and Practice. Link: DOI 10.1155/2024/2158229

Knapik, J. J., et al. (2016). Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use by Athletes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine. Link: DOI 10.1007/s40279-015-0387-7

Silva, P. R. P., et al. (2024). Consumption of nutritional supplements by teenagers attending gyms. Revista Paulista de Pediatria. Link: DOI 10.1590/1984-0462/2024/42/2022137

He, J., et al. (2017). Muscle building supplement use in Australian adolescent boys: relationships with body image and weight lifting. BMC Pediatrics. Link: DOI 10.1186/s12887-017-0920-2

Ganson, K. T., et al. (2023). Muscle-building dietary supplement use and eating disorder outcomes. International Journal of Eating Disorders. Link: DOI 10.1002/eat.23862

Whitehouse, G., et al. (2017). Protein supplements and adolescent athletes: A pilot study investigating risk knowledge and prevalence. Nutrition & Dietetics. Link: DOI 10.1111/1747-0080.12373

Ginter, P. M., et al. (2017). Protein, Creatine, and Dieting Supplements Among Adolescents: Eating Disorder Risk Factors. Frontiers in Public Health. Link: DOI 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00172

Tugault-Lafleur, C. N., et al. (2021). Dietary Intakes and Supplement Use in Pre-Adolescent and Adolescent Canadian Athletes. Nutrients. Link: DOI 10.3390/nu13010180

Jäger, R., et al. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise. JISSN. Link: DOI 10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8

Vasconcelos, Q. D. J. S., et al. (2024). Investigating the Health Implications of Whey Protein Consumption: A Narrative Review. Healthcare. Link: DOI 10.3390/healthcare12020246

Stranieri, A. (2019). Safety and Efficacy of Whey Protein Supplementation in Teenage Athletes. ProQuest. Link: URI 1023860/THESIS-STRANIERI-ANDREW-2019

Samal, J. R., & Samal, I. R. (2018). Protein Supplements: Pros and Cons. Journal of Dietary Supplements. Link: DOI 10.1080/19390211.2017.1353567

McKinlay, B. J., et al. (2020). The effects of whey protein supplementation on athletic performance and body composition in adolescent soccer players. APNM. Link: DOI 10.1139/apnm-2020-0325

Valbo-Jørgensen, M., et al. (2016). Muscle-building dietary supplements: identifying patterns and side effects among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health. Link: DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.10.185

LaBotz, M., & Griesemer, B. A. (2016). Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances. Pediatrics. Link: DOI 10.1542/peds.2016-1300

Nagel-Schreckberg, K., et al. (2020). Animal Protein Intake Is Associated with General Adiposity in Adolescents. Nutrients. Link: DOI 10.3390/nu12102915

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Quality in Sport

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Published

2026-04-05

How to Cite

1.
SIM, Aleksandra, MIODUSZEWSKA, Joanna, ROT, Paweł, PONIEWOZIK, Piotr, DZIUBA, Natalia, PERNAL, Maja, ROGUSKA, Zofia, ZUZAK, Andrzej Paweł, PONIEWOZIK, Paweł and GRABOWSKI, Krzysztof. The Effects of Protein Supplement Intake in Adolescents - Impact on Health and Development. Quality in Sport. Online. 5 April 2026. Vol. 53, p. 70238. [Accessed 9 April 2026]. DOI 10.12775/QS.2026.53.70238.
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Vol. 53 (2026)

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Medical Sciences

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Copyright (c) 2026 Aleksandra Sim, Joanna Mioduszewska, Paweł Rot, Piotr Poniewozik, Natalia Dziuba, Maja Pernal, Zofia Roguska, Andrzej Paweł Zuzak, Paweł Poniewozik, Krzysztof Grabowski

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