The Role of Cryotherapy in Sports Recovery: A Critical Review of Current Evidence

Abstract

Background. Cryotherapy, defined as the therapeutic application of cold, is increasingly used in sports

medicine to enhance post-exercise recovery and support athletic performance. The most common modalities

include whole-body cryotherapy, local cryotherapy, and cold water immersion.

Aim. This article aims to discuss the current evidence on the role of cryotherapy in sports recovery, including its

physiological mechanisms, practical applications, benefits, limitations, and impact on training adaptations.

Materials and methods. A focused narrative review of relevant literature was conducted to examine the effects

of cryotherapy on muscle soreness, fatigue, inflammation, recovery, and athletic performance. Studies on

whole-body cryotherapy, local cryotherapy, and cold water immersion were included.

Summary. Available evidence suggests that cryotherapy may reduce muscle soreness and perceived fatigue in

the short term. However, long-term effects remain inconsistent, and frequent post-exercise cooling may impair

muscle adaptation and hypertrophy. The review also highlights the gap between scientific evidence and the

commercial promotion of cryotherapy.

Conclusions. Cryotherapy may be useful in selected athletic settings, but its application should be

individualized and aligned with training goals. Further research is needed to determine optimal protocols and

long-term effects on performance.