Drugs Used in the Treatment of Obesity – A Systematic Review

Abstract

Obesity, a disease of complex etiology whose global prevalence continues to rise, has reached the status of a worldwide pandemic. It leads to a significant increase in the risk of numerous disorders. The scale of the problem, combined with the limitations of non-pharmacological methods, has increased the importance of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of obesity. The aim of this study was to analyze currently available anti-obesity medications and highlight emerging directions in pharmacotherapy of obesity. Based on a literature review, five major drug groups were evaluated: orlistat, the combined preparation of naltrexone and bupropion, phentermine, GLP-1 analogues, and dual GLP-1/GIP agonist. The results showed that traditional drugs such as orlistat and phentermine demonstrate only modest weight-loss potential and a higher risk of adverse events, which limits their overall role in obesity treatment. The combined naltrexone–bupropion preparation offers greater efficacy than the previously described agents and provides a favorable effect on central appetite regulation, making it an attractive therapeutic option for selected patients. The most groundbreaking and currently widespread drug group remains GLP-1 analogues mainly liraglutide and semaglutide, which enable weight reduction of approximately 16% of baseline body weight and offer beneficial metabolic effects. Even greater potential for weight loss is demonstrated by the dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist tirzepatide. Further development of anti-obesity pharmacotherapy includes agents such as retatrutide, a triple agonist of GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors, whose efficacy exceeds that of currently available medications. Research conducted in this field suggests that the future of obesity treatment will likely rely on multireceptor therapy, tailored to the patient’s profile. In the face of the rising global prevalence of obesity, the development of new medications remains a key element in improving public health.